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ENGRAVED AND PRINTED FOR THE 

SORORITY HAND BOOK 
BY THE SUFFOLK ENG. AND ELECTRO. CO. BOSTO^ 



THE SORORITY HANDBOOK 



BY 

IDA SHAW MARTIN, A. B. 



SECOND EDITION 
19 7 



UeSARY of CONGRESS 
Two Cooies Received 

OCT 15 dOr 

j-Copyngrfii entry 

CLA6S 4 Xac,. Ne: 
COPY 5. i 






A 



C?^/ 



Copyrighted 1905 and 1907 
By IDA SHAW MARTIN. 



'Clje Pequa l^refiss 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



The hearty reception accorded to the first edition and 
the many assurances of continued support and interest on 
the part of sorority leaders have encouraged the author 
to issue this second edition, although less than six months 
have elapsed since the former came from the press. 

The frontispiece is the same as was used in the first edi- 
tion, but the plate of fraternity badges is a nev/ addition, 
inserted at the request of a number of sorority leaders 
and made possible by the courtesy of the fraternity grand 
presidents. No one will regret more than the author the 
absence of the badges of several large fraternities, espe- 
pecially in view of the fact that a number of permissions 
cam.e after the plate was made. The time elapsing between 
the decision to issue a second edition and the expiration 
of the publisher's contract with the printer was only six 
v/eeks and it was practically impossible owing to the vaca- 
tion season to get in touch with all grand presidents. 

Another new feature, also inserted by request, one which 
it is thought will prove invaluable for reference and one 
which it is hoped will lead to a more extensive knowledge 
on the part of sorority women concerning the extent and 
activity of the general fraternity movement, is the list 



of men's fraternities with dates of founding and chapter 
rolls alphabetically arranged. The classification and 
general plan of the sororities will be found the same as 
in the first edition, with the exception of the chapter 
rolls which are listed alphabetically instead of chron- 
ologically. 

It is hardly to be expected that such an issue as this 
can be sent out entirely free from errors or omissions, for 
fraternities and sororities make history even during the 
summer vacation, especially when conventions are held. 
A conscientious attempt, however, has been made to 
have everything accurate and up-to-date at the time of 
publication. Since going to press word has been received 
that the honorary society of Phi Beta Kappa will consider 
the application of ten colleges at its convention of Sep- 
tember I2th and that in all probability the ten charter 
grants will be made. 

Anyone noting an error will confer a great favor upon 
the author by calling attention to it. Suggestions, too, 
vv^ill be gladly received and will be embodied in the next 
edition. 

Ida Shaw Martin 
(Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin). 

"Iveagh Park," Bay State Road, 
Canton, Massachusetts. 
September 7, 1907. 



CHAPTER I. 

The Higher Education of Women. 

To the popular mind the higher education of women 
is synonymous with a college education. Strictly speak- 
ing the term covers a wider field and includes professional 
training as well as collegiate. The college girl is probably 
quite familiar with the four types of institutions at which 
the alumnae of secondary schools may continue their edu- 
cation, viz., the coeducational college, the independent col- 
lege, the affiliated college and the coordinate college. 

Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of 
college education in the United States. About seventy per 
cent of the five hundred colleges in the country are co- 
educational, while there are only twelve independnt col- 
leges of the first rank, five affiliated colleges and about the 
same number of coordinate colleges. To understand the 
reasons for this characteristic feature as a well-defined pol- 
icy in our system of education, we must turn back the 
pages of our country's history. 



2 The Higher Education. 

The close of the revolution found the American States 
independent, but not united. The country was without 
a head and Congress without power. There was distress 
and discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill 
and the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A 
fortunate circumstance at this critical period was the com- 
mon interest that seven of the thirteen states had in the 
Great Northwest Territory. The people v^ere buoyed up 
by the hope that these states would release their claims 
and by transferring their interests to the national govern- 
ment would furnish Congress with the means to pay off 
the war debt. This generosity was of far-reaching sig- 
nificance in its influence upon education in the Western 
States. The thirteen original colonies had copied closely 
the educational systems of the Old World, particularly 
those of England. The great Northwest Territory was 
sparsely settled and education was at best embryonic. An 
ordinance passed in 1787 by the Continental Congress pro- 
vided for the government of this vast section and specified 
that there should be a reservation in every township for 
the maintenance of public schools. This was later inter- 
preted as providing also for the reservation of lands for 
university endowment. In this way the future of the 
state university was assured. At the time this ordinance 
was passed, however, there was no thought in the minds 
of the legislators that a strong impulse was given to the 
higher education of women. The daughters of colonial 
homes were busy with baking and brewing, with spinning 



The Higher Education. 3 

and weaving, with the manifold household duties for 
which noi labor-saving devices had yet been invented. 
Even the daughters of the well-to-do had little time or in- 
terest for any education save such superficial knowledge 
as miglit be acquired at the fashionable finishing school. 

The half century following the Revolution was note- 
worthy for the establishment of district schools and acad- 
emies, and for the awakening of new ideas concerning the 
education of girls. The year 1830, when the first locomo- 
tive was built, is an epoch-marking date in the history of 
the United States and no less so in the history of the 
higher education for women. The building of railroads 
and the consequent growth of cities was followed by a 
great revival in educational interests, resulting in state 
supervision and the opening of high and normal schools 
for girls. The years immediately following witnessed the 
transfer of many industries from the home to the factory 
and deprived women of their usual occupations, leaving 
them a large measure of leisure. 

It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with 
her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must 
look for the beginning of college education for women. 
Oberlin College, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate 
Institute, but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the 
first institution to offer advanced courses to women as well 
as men. In 1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the 
Massachusetts Legislature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, 
which though it did not pretend to offer collegiate courses 



4 The Higher Education. 

yet stood firm for serious work and high standards. Wes- 
leyan College, incorporated by the Legislature of Georgia 
and opened in 1839, was the first women's college to re- 
ceive a charter from any state. In 1853 Antioch College 
in Ohio was opened under the presidency of Horace Mann 
and admitted men and women on equal terms. Elmira 
College established in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, 
was the first woman's college in the north to receive a 
charter. The state universities of Utah and Iowa, opened 
respectively in 1850 and 1856, admitted women from the 
first. A few institutions under religious control in the 
Middle West, bearing the name of college, but doing work 
little higher than the first class secondary schools of the 
present time, were induced to admit women as the result 
of these experiments. Except, however, in the districts 
where the influence of these pioneer schools was felt, 
little marked progress was made. Women were still the 
slaves of tradition. 

Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we 
must look for the complete emancipation of women in 
matters educational. The continuous fighting during the 
four years of the war and the consequent drafts upon the 
Northern states for soldiers drained this section of its men 
and resulted in women entering the secondary schools as 
teachers. This arrangement, at first considered only 
temporary, proved to be permanent, and thinking men 
soon realized that the much debated question of higher 
education for women had become a matter of expediency. 



The Higher Education. 5 

In this time of immediate need what was more natural 
than that the people should demand that existing colleges 
hitherto sacred to men should open their doors to women? 
The well-endowed universities made a strong stand 
against what they considered an intrusion. They claimed 
that they did this from a sense of duty to the past, to the 
founders and givers of endowments. The state univer- 
sities, however, could make no such plea. Their endow- 
ments came from state or federal government without re- 
striction as to sex, and the people failed to see the need 
of establishing separate colleges for women when the state 
universities were already in existence. Before long these 
doors, willingly or unwillingly, swung open to maid as 
well as mian, Kansas and Minnesota in 1866, Indiana in 
1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and California in 1870, 
Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin in 1874. The 
opening of the University of Michigan to women was in 
direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand 
from the state legislature and is interesting as showing 
the sentiment of the people. All state universities organ- 
ized since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 

Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard 
v/ere very different. There were no state universities and 
the famous colleges already established refused to admit 
women. Certain concessions to be sure have been made 
after prolonged agitation, as in the case of Radcliife, open- 
ed as Harvard Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for 
women in 1894 and granting its own degrees, where the in- 



6 The Higher Education. 

struction is given by members of the Harvard faculty and 
the diplomas countersigned by the President of Harvard 
University as a guarantee that the degrees are equivalent 
to the corresponding degrees given by the university; 
again in the case of Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorpo- 
ated in 1900 as an undergraduate woman's college of Co- 
lumbia University, where the instruction is given entirely 
by professors appointed by Columbia University trustees 
and assigned to service in Barnard, where the A. B. de- 
gree is granted by the university and women who have 
taken their first degree are admitted to the university on 
the same terms as men, and lastly, in the case of the 
Woman's College of Brown University, established as a 
regular department in 1897, though women were admitted 
informally as early as 1892. These concessions grudgingly 
given turned many promising young women, who resented 
this attitude of what they considered selfish monopoly, to 
the independent colleges for women and resulted in the 
marked and vigorous growth of these institutions in the 
East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, Vassar, Wells, Wei- 
lesley and Smith, chartered within the third quarter of the 
nineteenth century, the last four within a period of ten 
years, and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Woman's Col- 
lege of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's College and 
Trinity, established within the last twenty years. Rock- 
ford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, 
chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a prepar- 



The Higher Education. 7 

atory department, and Mills College in California, opened 
as a seminary in 1871, chartered as a college in 1885, and 
still countenancing a seminary, are examples of the only 
independent colleges for women in the vast section de- 
voted to coeducation and by their smallness bear eloquent 
testimony to the popular demand for coeducation. 

' Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in t886 
and affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct 
as regards its location and faculty, is an example of the 
old-time Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coedu- 
cation at Western Reserve University in 1888 after a trial 
of sixteen years, and the establishment of a coordinate col- 
lege for women under the university charter resulted from 
a decision of the trustees to call the college back to its 
original purpose, to educate men only, a decision which 
seemed the wisest solution of the difficulties growing out 
of an attempt to engraft coeducation upon an institution 
modelled after New England ideas. The decision of the 
trustees of Wesleyan University to limit the number of 
women admitted in any one year to twenty per cent of 
the whole number of students enrolled in the preceding 
year is another instance of the futility of the attempt to 
introduce coeducation into a New England college. The 
segregation policy of Chicago University, adopted by the 
trustees in October, 1902, whereby separate instruction is 
provided as far as possible for men and women during the 
freshmen and sophomore years was explained by Presi- 



8 The Higher Education. 

dent Harper as due in a large measure to the proximity of 
the university to a great metropolis and the increasing en- 
rolment of young women students. The decision of the 
trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University to limit the 
number of women students to five hundred at any time is, 
according to President Jordan, in harmony with the found- 
er's purpose. 

The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in 
establishing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty 
years of coeducation and the complete separation of the 
two in the required work of the first two years is said to 
be due to a desire to make suitable and adequate provision 
for the culture and intellectual training of young women, 
to enable them to enjoy a more distinct social life while 
in college and to provide for them an independent system 
of honors and prizes. The College for Women opened at 
Bucknell University in 1905, though at present only a hall 
of residence, since very little instruction is given separate- 
ly, is nevertheless the beginning of a definite plan for 
separation. The system of coordination in vogue at Colby 
for the past ten years and the very recent decision of the 
trustees to introduce separation in chapel exercises and to 
establish, as soon as funds will warrant, an affiliated col- 
lege for women seems to be the accepted solution of the 
vexatious problem of providing collegiate instruction for 
women in connection with well-established colleges for 
men along the Atlantic seaboard. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 

The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history as 
witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the 
union of thirteen colonies, — ^ union that was to stand 
preeminently for the brotherhood of man, saw also the 
foundations laid for another union, another brotherhood, 
that, like its prototype, \vas destined to grow into a 
mighty power. On the fifth of December, the Phi Beta 
Kappa Society was founded at William and Mary College, 
Williamsburg, Va. This was the first of the secret Greek- 
Letter Societies and therefore the parent of the modern 
fraternity system, which has become so large a factor in 
the college life of the United States. 

The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provis- 
ion for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a 
century passed before its roll numbered five chapters and 
before another Greek-Letter society was founded. Col- 
leges were few and scattered, the country in the throes of 
a great war. The colleges established prior to the Revolu- 
tion were but nine in number. Harvard (1636), William 
and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), King's, 
now Columbia (1754), Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers 



10 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

(1763), Brown (1764) and Dartmouth (1770). No small 
proportion of their endowment had come from the mother 
country, but the Declaration of Independence naturally 
put an end to donations from England and crippled the re- 
sources of existing colleges. The period of business de- 
pression immediately following the close of the war, the 
general instability of the government, the continued diffi- 
culties with England resulting in the War of 1812, were 
not conducive to ease of mind or educational progress. 

The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the 
country in a flourishing condition. The United States had 
demonstrated on land and sea its right to be considered a 
world power. Its credit was good, its people prosperous. 
The tremendous impulse given to trade and immigration 
by the use of steam as a motive power, the rapid develop- 
ment of the country owing to the construction of state 
roads and artificial waterways, the mighty stumulus afford- 
ed public thought by the daily appearance of the penny 
newspaper, the great awakening of interest in popular ed- 
ucation as a result of the heroic labors of Horace Mann in 
Massachusetts and of Henry Barnard in New York, had 
produced a nation that was alert and enterprising. It was 
but natural that these same years of peace, prosperity and 
progress should witness the establishment of many new 
colleges as well as a great increase in matriculation at 
the older institutions. While a college is small it is pos- 
sible for every student to know intimately all the others 
and to be in close touch with the different members of the 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. n 

faculty, but as the numbers increase the personal relation 
between professor and student is eliminated more and 
more, and the undergraduates are forced to find sympathic 
companionship in a small group of classmates. So long 
as the boy in conscious of sympathy and interest on the 
part of the family in himself, his hopes, his plans, his am- 
bitions, he will seek no further, but the moment he has lost 
faith in those of his own household he vv^ill go elsewhere 
in search of the perfect understanding that his nature 
craves. The American professor is a boy at heart, he un- 
derstands young men, but the pressure of work is severe 
both in and out of the classroom and there is a limit to 
human possibilities, to human endurance. The crowded 
classroom, the ascetic dormitory, the cheerless boarding 
house gave birth to the fraternity. They have given birth 
to worse impulses, but to no better. That the fraternity 
became a college society instead of a more limited organ- 
ization, that it eventually included members from all un- 
dergraduate classes instead of being restricted to those of 
one particular year is a tribute to the democratic spirit 
and magnanimity of the American college student. 

The need and attractiveness of these organizations is 
attested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities 
were founded at Northern colleges within the next quarter 
century, — Kappa Alpha, 1825, Sigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 
1827, all three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, 
Psi Upsilon, Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, 
Beta Theta Pi, Miamxi, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta 



12 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, 
Zeta Psi, New York University, 1847, P^i Gamma Delta, 
Jefferson, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848, Theta Delta 
Chi, Union, 1848. The period from 1850 to the Civil war 
was an era of instability, yet six new fraternities came into 
existence, four in the North and two in the South, — Phi 
Kappa Sigma, Pennsylvania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jeffer- 
son, 1852, Chi Phi, Princeton, 1854, Sigma Chi, Miami, 
1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Alabama, 1856, Delta Tau 
Delta, Bethany, 1859. The five years immediately follow- 
ing the close of the Civil War are remarkable as giving 
birth to five fraternities and those all founded in Virginia, 
— Alpha Tau Omega, Virginia Military Institute, 1865, 
Kappa Alpha (Southern Order), Washington and Lee, 
1865, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Virginia, 1868, Kappa 
Sigma, University of Virginia, 1869, Sigma Nu, Virginia 
Military Institute, 1869. These twenty-five fraternities, 
together with one other, Phi Sigma Kappa, founded at the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1873, had the field 
practically to themselves for more than thirty years, but 
the twentieth century is giving evidence of renewed acti- 
vity in founding fraternities, for the year 1901 alone gave 
birth to three new societies that have made a place for 
themselves already, — Omega Pi Alpha and Delta Sigma 
Fhi founded at the College of the City of New York and 
Sigma Phi Epsilon established at Richmond. Alpha Chi 
Rho, founded at Trinity College, also came into promi- 
nence about this same time. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 

When opportunities for collegiate training became a 
possibility for women it was but natural, especially in the 
coeducational institutions, that college girls should be 
anxious fo enjoy the manifest advantages that member- 
ship in these secret organizations secured. It was not sur- 
prising, then, to find that one-third of the existing sorori- 
ties were founded at coeducational colleges within three 
years after the admission of women. The first secret soci- 
ety for women, so far as is known, was the Adelphean, 
founded at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga., in 185 1, which 
chan^d "rts~hafhe to the Alpha Delta Phi Sorority in 1905. 
A similar club was the Philomathean, which was organized 
in 1852, and which became Phi Mu in 1904. Both were sus- 
pended for a few years during the Civil War owing to the 
closing of the institution. The oldest secret organization 
to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to the present day 
was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira College in 1856. 
This was followed ten years later by Phi Mu at the same 
college. Neither of these societies began life with Greek 
names, but the change was made very early in their his- 
tory. The first national organization, or sorority, was the 
I. C. Sorosis, founded at Monmouth College in 1867 and 
known since 1888 as Phi Beta Phi. The first sorority to 
bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded at 
De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of Kap- 
pa Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth College, 
of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of Delta 
Gamma at Louis Institute, — a boarding school for girls 



14 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State University, in Janu- 
ary, 1874, of Gamman Phi Beta at Syracuse University 
and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November of that 
sam.e year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley in 
1876, show how simultaneous and spontaneous was the de- 
velopment of the fraternity idea among college women in 
different sections of the countr\'. There is no doubt that 
numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, 
for sorority records show a number of instances where 
such societies applied for charters and became enrolled as 
chapters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal 
growth of the latter and the rise of the more recent soror- 
ities can be readily accounted for by the rapid increase in 
matriculation. 

Of the twelve Greek-Letter societies established prior 
to 1880 and in existence today, all but three, Kappa Sigma 
and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have 
established chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kap- 
pa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma 
were anything more than local organizations at that date. 
Alpha Phi established its second chapter at Northwestern 
in 1881, Gamma Phi Beta, its second at the University of 
Michigan in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at 
Wesleyan University in 1893, but this became extinct after 
an existence of ten years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly 
thirty years before granting its first charter to petitioners 
at Boston University in 1904. Alpha Delta Phi remained 
a local for almost fifty-four years. The fact that barely 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 15 

twenty chapters established between 1870 and 1880 have 
had an unbroken existence is a striking proof of the gener- 
al disfavor with which the higher education of women was 
regarded in its experimental stage. The establishment of 
sixty-three vigorous chapters during the next decade 
shows conclusively that the experiment was a success and 
that the sorority idea was becoming firmly entrenched. 
The granting of sixty charters to college petitioners be- 
tween 1890 and 1900 bears testimony to the growing pop- 
ularity of collegiate training for women. The fact that 
sixty-six college chapters have been established within the 
last half decade and that many new sororities have come 
into prominence within that same period would indicate 
tha't the twentieth century is extending the heartiest kind 
of welcome to the sorority as well as to the college girl. 

One interesting phase in the evolution of the system 
has been the organization of special sororities by musical 
and medical students. Though by no means affecting 
such large numbers of matriculates, they are solving the 
same problems that confront the literary sororities, es- 
pecially along the line of providing opportunities for the 
growth of congenial friendships. The simple social life 
that these organizations make a possibility is a great boon 
to those who are in a measure shut out from active parti- 
cipation in tke general college life that centres about the 
academic departments of the large universities. 



i6 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

DISTRIBUTION OF CHAPTERS. 

Of the eighteen sororities having one or more chap- 
ters in colleges of the highest rank, two, Pi Beta Phi and 
Kappa Kappa Gamma, have over thirty chapters. These 
and three others, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Delta Delta 
and Chi Omega, each with more than twenty chapters, 
are found in all sections of the countrv^ Delta Gamma, 
though by birth a Southern sorority, has now no chapter 
south of Mason and Dixon's line. Alpha Delta Phi has 
confined itself to the South for more than half a century. 
In addition to this there are three sororities that are at 
present essentially Southern, Kappa Delta, Sigma Sigma 
Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha, all organized at the Virginia 
State Normal School. Virginia has always been noted as 
a fraternity stronghold and w^as the birthplace of seven 
fraternities. Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Tau Omega, Southern 
Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Nu 
and Sigma Phi Epsilon. Until 1893, when Randolph-Ma- 
con Woman's College was opened, no provision had been 
made by Virginia for the higher education of her daugh- 
ters. Indeed until the Normal School was opened in 1884 
there was not a scientific laboratory in the entire state ac- 
cessible to women. Presenting, then, for nine years, the 
only opportunity for advanced work it is not strange that 
this school attracted a superior class of students, many of 
them daughters of professors in the colleges of the state 
and consequently in touch with the fraternity idea since 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 17 

-early childhood. Therefore the establishment of these 
three secret societies was in no wise a peculiar circum- 
stance, but simply a natural outcome of the wide-spread 
-activity of the fraternities among the men of Virginia. 
Owing to the fact that coeducation is not so popular in 
the South as in the Middle West, which has always been 
the sorority stronghold, opportunities for extension were 
naturally limited and some of the earlier charter grants 
were made to institutions below collegiate rank. It is 
generally understood, however, that this is only a tempor- 
ary arrangement and that these chapters will be retained 
■only until such time as the sororities are strong enough to 
dispense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha, at its convention in 
June, 1906, was the first to raise its standards by dropping 
from its roll all chapters not located at colleges. A fourth 
society founded at the Virginia State Normal School, Al- 
pha Sigma Alpha, has as yet placed no chapters above the 
seminary rank, but it is doubtless only a question of time 
when all these essentially Southern orders will have chap- 
i;er rolls that will compare favorably with those of the 
-older sororities. Alpha Omicron Pi, founded in the North, 
"has strangely enough half of its chapters in the South. Al- 
pha Xi Delta, founded in Illinois, and Sigma Kappa, 
founded in Maine, have both called attention to them- 
selves by the rapidity with which they have recently 
-placed branches at considerable distance from the parent 
chapter. No student of the sorority system could fail to 
notice the remarkable similarity in the case of Alpha Phi 



1 8 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

and Gamma Phi Beta as regards birthplace, age, mono- 
gram badge and chapter roll. 

EXTENSION. 

Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled 
in the colleges of the United States is twice that of the 
women. Exclusive of professional societies, which have 
no real bearing on the case in point, the fraternities are 
twice as numerous as the sororities. When, however, it 
comes to a question of the relative number of chapters, 
statistics show that there are four fraternity chapters to 
every sorority chapter, even when local societies at the 
women's colleges that are unfriendly to the national soror- 
ity idea are counted in the total number. The natural in- 
ference would be that the sorority is not so popular with 
college women as the fraternity is with college men. Any- 
one, however, who knows how many local societies have 
petitions before the sororities is aware how very far from 
true such an inference would be. A certain proportion of 
these petitions, to be sure, has come from colleges which 
have not reached the standards set by the leading univer- 
sities of the country and which, therefore, will fail to meet 
the first requirements of the largest and most popular 
sororities, but, even when these applications are omitted 
from the list, enough remain so that it would not be a 
very difficult matter for the sororities to double their chap- 
ter rolls by accession from colleges that have been ad- 
mitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 19 

Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus 
of a national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere 
from two to ten years for recognition from some well- 
known sorority. They reason that while they stand alone 
they have only themselves to consider, whereas if they 
w^ere to place chapters of their own organization in other 
colleges, they would lose the local prestige that comes 
from having a petition before a famous sorority and would 
have to meet their rivals as a chapter of a weak society. 
Confident of securing the coveted charter by patience and 
persistency and of acquiring, thereby, the reputation that 
would come to them as a branch of some famous order, 
they continue to keep their petition before the sorority 
of their choice, even after they have been assured repeated- 
ly of the impossibility of a charter grant and have been 
advised to apply elsewhere. Deference to the wishes of 
their alumnae and consideration for their own immediate 
welfare in the matter of rushing determine to a large 
degree their attitude in this matter. 

There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, 
at some time in its career, the idea of entering the famous 
independent colleges for women. The high standards, the 
large enrolment, two things that mean plenty of good 
sorority material, have always proved very attractive to 
organizations that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to 
have their chapter rolls stand for the best in education. 
Two independent colleges for women, Baltimore and Ran- 
dolph-Macon, and several affiliated colleges, Newcomb, 



20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Barnard, Middlebury and Brown admit national sororities,.- 
but up to the present time the big colleges, Vassar, Wel- 
lesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr and Mt. Holyoke, and severat 
smaller ones, 'as well as one affiliated. Western Reserve, 
are closed to these organizations, though a number have 
local secret societies. This condition of affairs is in part 
due to faculty decision and in part to student indifference. 
When local secret societies are fostered, there is a feeling 
perhaps on the part of the administration that this particu- 
lar kind of organization adds a bit of local color, creates 
an esprit de corps, gives a certain personnel to the college. 
There is a feeling, too, that the national sorority, by de- 
manding allegiance, requiring dues, publishing magazines 
and holding conventions, may weaken the interest in the 
alma mater. This is a fallacy. The sororities always do- 
arouse interest in other colleges and in the whole move- 
ment for the higher education of women, in the problems 
that confront college girls, problems that faculties have 
not solved and are not solving, that college girls alone can 
solve, but they do not weaken any student's interest in 
her own college. When she meets her sisters from other 
universities, be it at convention or in the alumnae associ- 
ation, in public or in private, she knows she is always 
looked upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is m.ore 
than anxious by conversation and deportment to show her 
college in a creditable light. From various sources she 
learns what other colleges are doing along certain lines, 
what new inspirations have come to do better and broader 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 21 

work, and she returns to her own chapter, to her own col- 
lege, to praise where praise is due and where censure or 
improvement is needed, to seek through her own chapter 
and rival chapters to effect the necessary reforms. To be- 
lieve there is only one college in the world, that this col- 
lege is above reproach and incapable of improvement, is 
snobbishness. To see weaknesses in one's alma mater, to 
strengthen it by every means within one's power, to guard 
its interests jealously, this is loyalty. No one is so genu- 
inely or so generously interested in her college as the so- 
rority girl, no one has the opportunities that the sorority 
girl has to compare her own college with others. There 
may be a fcAv colleges, having chapters of the national so- 
rorities, that seem lacking in college spirit, but a close in- 
vestigation will show that this lack is not due to the pres- 
ence of the fraternities, but to other causes. 

A university located in the heart of a large city finds 
it very difficult to inspire the same amount of college spirit 
that is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college 
situated in a village. The city university draws its stud- 
ents to a large extent from the towns within a radius of 
twenty-five miles. The marked improvements recently 
made in the matter of cheap and quick transit render it 
possible for m^any of the students to live at home during 
their entire college course. The hurried entrance upon the 
work of the day, the hasty exit after recitations in order to 
catch a train, the absence of dormitories, the lack of suit- 
able boarding places in the congested districts of a large 



22 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

metropolis for the few who are forced to find temporary 
lodgm.ent, the distractions and fascinations of a large city, 
the general indiii'erence of the greater part of the citizens, 
are all potent agencies that work constantly against any 
very strong growth of college spirit. These same ele- 
ments make it exceedingly difficult for the city university 
to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help in 
the development of a strong esprit de corps. Sorority life 
under these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Even- 
ing chapter meetings are entirely out of the question and 
those in the afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not 
to interfere with train schedules or the convenience of 
those micmbers whose recitations are all in the morning. 

The college or university in the small town, on the 
other hand, fills the whole horizon for students, faculty, 
property owners and tradesmen and there is a marked 
local pride taken in everything that interests the students. 
They are people of importance in the village because of 
their association with the college, and since everybody 
thinks there is but one college in the whole world, they be- 
gin to think so too and develop immediately a very proper 
and lasting interest in the alma mater. With domito- 
ries, halls of residence, fraternity and sorority houses on or 
near the campus, with boarding places and faculty houses 
within easy reach, it is possible for such a college to have 
a very delightful social life and to foster all sorts of student 
enterprises. Under such conditions fraternity and soror- 
ity life comes very near to being ideal, an interest that is 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 23 

second only to that felt for the college itself. 

Those who have studied deeply into fraternity condi- 
tions understand how very difficult it is to build up strong 
chapters in colleges that have no dormitory system or that 
have an enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the 
home of Radclifife and Harvard, will furnish illustration for 
both of these points. Radcliffe, with very little domitory 
accommodation, draws its students largely from nearby 
cities and towns, and so much time is consumed in transit 
between the home and the college there is practically none 
left for the fostering of the life-long friendships that are 
such a valuable product of community life. Harvard, on 
the other hand, with its hundreds of students, its numer- 
ous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible supply of board- 
ing houses, has never been found favorable ground for the 
planting of fraternity chapters. A very few to exist, but 
they are hampered by many difficulties. In the first place 
the city, its near neighbor, Boston, and the college itself 
offer unlimited attractions, so the fraternity finds few op- 
portunities to fill spare moments with interest. Again, 
with the large entering classes and the elective syhiem 
governing studies, there is but slight class cohesion and 
very little chance for upper class people to become well 
acquainted with the freshmen. Similar conditions exist 
at Yale with very similar results. 

It is thought by many sorority leaders that the large 
colleges for women would present the same problems as 
Harvard and Yale. The life of these institutions is al- 



24 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

ready very complex. Every minute of a girl's spare time, 
every cent of her allowance, is spoken for many times over. 
The freshman class, moreover, by reason of its large en- 
rolment would present innumerable difficulties in any at- 
tempt to become acquainted with the individual members 
or to study them with a view to discovering their pos- 
sibilities as good sorority material. Elections would neces- 
sarily have to be postponed and as a result the chapter 
would tend to become a class society as did Alpha Delta 
Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Zeta Psi at 
Yale, and toward which condition the local societies at 
Wellesley, Smith and Mt. Holyoke are surely tending. 
It remains for the future to show whether the great num- 
bers at present unprovided for by these local clubs will 
establish similar organizations or appeal to the sororities 
for charters. New local societies, to be sure, would lack 
the prestige that the older ones have and which the sor- 
oritis could furnish. The all important question, of course, 
with the sororities will be whether the large class soci- 
ety would be favorable to the best development of the 
sorority idea and ideal. The sorority idea means close 
friendship fostered by long association in common inter- 
ests. The sorority ideal is the symmetrically developed 
v/oman, the result of close confidence and lasting friend- 
ships with a few congenial spirits. 

A generation ago the sororities would have been glad 
to enter these colleges and succeeding years would have 
seen the number of chapters keeping pace with the m- 



THE EVOLUTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 25 

crease in matriculation. Today any well-known sorority 
would think twice before entering, even though assured 
of a hearty welcome on the part of the administration. 

STANDARDS. 

The Inter- Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a na- 
tional sorority as one having at least five chapters, all 
of them at institutions of collegiate rank. No definition 
of ''collegiate rank" was attempted by the Conference and 
indeed there is no organization whose decision could be 
taken as official and final. Inasmuch as the United States 
exercises no federal control over the schools of the coun- 
try, there is no national system of education and no 
national board of education to determine what particular 
kind or amount of work shall constitute a college or uni- 
versity. In the Annual Reports of the Department of the 
Interior, the United States Commissioner of Education 
puts all universities, colleges and technological schools, 
with the exception of those admitting women only, in one 
group without any attempt at classification. There is 
much interesting information to be gleaned from these re- 
ports concerning the valuation of the real estate and ap- 
paratus of the different colleges and concerning the regis- 
tration and faculty, but little to show that some of the five 
hundred are doing higher grade work than others. It is 
left to the student of college data to make his own deduc- 
tions and the most natural inference is that a large endow- 
ment, a large corps of professors, a large registration, 



26 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 

mean high standards, but conclusions from these premises 
alone are not necessarily correct. As has been already 
stated, conditions in the case of the colleges for women 
are somewhat different. Here the Commissioner has made 
two groups. Just what is the basis of decision is not 
stated, but Baltimore, Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, 
Mt. Holyoke, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, 
Rockford, Smith, Trinity, Vassar, VVellesley and Wells 
are put in the A class, while the colleges for women con- 
nected with Brown and Western Reserve are included in 
the reports of coeducational colleges, though they are 
quite distinct organizations. 

Thirty-five years ago when sororities were in their in- 
fancy the problem of extensions was a serious one and a 
number of charters were granted to institutions but little 
higher in grade than the modern seminary. The last 
quarter century, however, has witnessed great advances 
in the movement for the higher education of women. In 
order that the standards of the different sororities may be 
of the highest, it is imperative that great care should be 
taken tc place new chapters only at such colleges and 
uPxiversities as are known to be of high grade. To this 
end the Inter-Sorority Conference has decided not to re- 
cognize any order until its chapter roll meets certain re- 
quirements. 

One organization that has done much to determine 
what the bachelor's degree should stand for is the Associa- 
tion of Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 27 

in November, 1881, by seventeen college women, repre- 
senting twelve colleges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae 
of different institutions for practical educational work. 
Later by reason of the limitations placed upon admission, 
it came to be recognized as standing for the maintenance 
of high standards of education. No college applying for 
membership in the body corporate is examined unless it 
has fifty women graduates and an endowment of $500,000. 
A preparatory department under the government or in- 
struction of the college faculty is also a bar. Great stress 
is laid upon the educational qualifications of the corps of 
instruction, the average available income and the value of 
the equipment of the institution for the work it under- 
takes. The colleges now on the list number twenty-four, 
seventeen coeducational, Boston, California, Chicago, 
Cornell, Illinois, Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. In- 
stitute of Technology, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Northwestern, Oberlin, Syracuse, Wesleyan, 
Wisconsin, four independent, Bryn Mawr, Smith, Vassar, 
Wellesley and three affiliated, Barnard, Radcliffe, Wes- 
tern Reserve. 

A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., 
in 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, 
which was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in 
Northern colleges. Its object is "to unite college women 
in the South for the promotion of higher education for 
women ; to raise the standard of education for women : to 
develop preparatory schools, and to define the line of 



28 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 

demarcation between preparatory schools and colleges." 
The corporate members are all colleges recognized by the 
Association of Collegiate Alumnae and by the Southern 
Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools, and fur- 
thermore any other college that the Association considers 
to be of the same rank as the aforesaid. The association 
hopes eventually to do work very similar to that done by 
its Northern prototype, but at present it feels that it 
should devote m^ost of its thought to educational problems 
of the South. 

Another agency that is making for uniform standards 
is the honorary society. A charter grant from Phi Beta 
Kappa means that the institution receiving it has met the 
requirements as to organization, equipment, financial 
standing, faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance ex- 
aminations demanded by a body of men who are well qual- 
ified by training and experience to decide what the word 
college should mean. It does not always follow that a 
college is below grade because it has no chapter of Phi 
Beta Kappa. It is only recently that this honorary soci- 
ety began to become really representative and some well- 
known colleges have not awakened to the need or mean- 
ing of a charter grant. Notable examples of this are Bryn 
Alawr and Illinois on the list of the Association of Col- 
legiate Alumnae and Illinois and Indiana on the roll of 
Sigma Xi. 

It is interesting to note that of the two hundred and 
sixty-two chapters accredited to the eighteen literary 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 29 

sororities, one hundred and fifty-three, or sixty per cent are 
in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa or Phi Kappa Phi. 
Of the 109 chapters located at other institutions, 17 belong 
to Pi Beta Phi, 12 to Kappa Kappa Gamma, 10 to Kappa 
Delta, 9 to Chi Omega, 8 to Sigma Sigma Sigma, Alpha 
Xi Delta and Kappa Alpha Theta, 7 to Delta Delta Delta, 
6 to Alpha Delta Phi, Delta Gamma, and Zeta Tau Alpha, 
4 to Alpha Chi Omega, 3 to Alpha Omicron Pi and Sig- 
ma Kappa, 2 to Gamma Phi Beta, i to Alpha Phi. A care- 
ful study of these figures will show that the higher num- 
bers belong to the oldest and largest societies or else to 
the youngest. There can be no question that another 
decade will show a marked improvement in this particular, 
for many colleges at present on the sorority rolls and with- 
out honorary societies will receive charter grants. Their 
standards even now will meet the requirements. In many 
cases it is only a question of petitioning Phi Beta Kappa 
six months before the national convention. 

Among other forces at work to secure a unification of 
standards in the college entrance examinations may be 
mentioned the New England Association of Colleges and 
Preparatory Schools, the Association of Colleges and Pre- 
paratory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, the 
Association of the Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the 
Southern States and the North Central Association of 
Colleges and Secondary Schools. 



30 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The supreme governing body of the sororities is the- 
National Convention which meets annuallly or biennially, 
but in order that important questions requiring immediate 
decision may receive attention during the interim, it is 
customary for the sororities to place a certain amount of 
legislative, judicial and executive power in the hands of a 
tew members who are responsible to the succeeding, 
convention for their acts and who constitute what is 
known as the Grand Council, the Executive Committee, 
or the Grand Lodge, as the case may be. The number of 
members elected for this purpose differs somewhat in the 
different sororities, but a President, a Vice-President, a 
Secretary, a Treasurer and where a magazine is published, 
an Editor, are always found among the officers, though in 
seven cases. Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma 
Phi Beta, Kappa Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Sigma Kappa 
and Alpha Delta Phi, the Editor is not ranked as a member 
of the executive staff. These five officers are usually suf- 
ficient for a small sorority, but where the chapter roll 
numbers more than twenty, the task of welding so many 
separate units into a harmonious whole becomes a serious 
problem. Hence it has come to pass that the older and 
larger sororities have found it necessary to create new of- 
fices in order that no member of the executive staff may 
have more work than she can accomplish satisfactorily 
and in order that every phase of fraternity development 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 

may receive its due share of attention. The sororities are 
tending more and more toward retaining for longer periods 
than the usual interim of two years between conventions 
those officers who show special ability along certain lines. 
Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing 
her officers each year. The governing board consists of 
one member from each alumnae chapter and as each presi- 
dent retires, the chapter that she has represented elects 
some one who takes her place at the foot of the line and 
works up through the various offices. Delta Gamma's 
method is to elect its executive staff for a term of four 
years, the election of the president and treasurer alternat- 
ing with that of the vice-president and secretary. Each 
convention designates the chapters from which the new 
officers are to come and these chapters elect the officers 
for the ensuing term. The editor is frequently re-elected 
several times. Alpha Phi's plan of choosing officers, first 
from one section of the country and then from another, 
has much to recommend it. Alpha Omicron Pi has paid 
its four founders a great tribute in making them life mem- 
bers of the Grand Council. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, 
those that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued 
for members only. To the first class belong the magazines. 



32 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

the catalogues or directories, the song books, the his- 
tories and the calendars. Among the secret issues are the- 
constitutions, convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 

The magazines are usually quarterlies and devotc 
most of their space to reports from chapters and person- 
als about alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each 
editor endeavors to keep her subscribers informed of all 
that is passing in the fraternity world. The years be- 
tween 1870 and 1880 are noteworthy as marking the period 
during which a great impulse was given to fraternity 
journalism by the publication of magazines by many of 
the men's orders. The sororities were quick to see the 
advantages that such issues had and the next decade 
saw five in the field, — ''The Golden Key" of Kappa Kappa 
Gamma in 1882, ''The Arrow" of Pi Beta Phi, "The Kap- 
pa Alpha Theta" in 1885 and "The Alpha Phi Quarterly" 
in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed with "The Trident" 
in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with "The Lyre" in 1896 and 
Chi Omega with "The Eleusis" in 1899. The last six 
years have brought out "The Crescent" of Gamma Phi 
Beta, "The Alpha Xi Delta," "Themis of Zeta Tau Al- 
pha," "The Angelos" of Kappa Delta, "The Triangle" 
of Sigma Sigma Sigma, " to Dragma" of Alpha Omicron 
Pi, "Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book," "The Beta Sigma 
Omicron," "The Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine," "The 
Triangle of Sigma Kappa," and "The Adelphean" of Al- 
pha Delta Phi. 

Catalogues, or directories, have always been found 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 33 

very useful and have been issued with more or less fre- 
quency by all the sororities. The simple ones give merely 
the names and adresses of the members, but it is usual 
to find them well supplied with valuable historical data, 
the location and time of founding of each active and al- 
umnae chapter, lists of present and past grand officers, 
chapter officers and statistical reports. The older and lar- 
ger sororities find it a somewhat difficult task to compile 
their directories, and three of them. Kappa Alpha Theta, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta have estab- 
lished card catalogues. The cards are sent out periodically 
with the request that the members return them to the 
cataloguer after answering the printed questions. It is 
possible in this way to secure promptly a great deal of ac- 
cuurate information, much of which is of permanent value.. 

Song books have been published by all the large so- 
rorities and most of them are handsome volumes, filled 
v^ith bright music and spirited poems, many of which 
possess distinct literary merit. 

All the sororities of prominence have established 
archives and the majority of them have an officer whose 
duty it is to collect and arrange historical data. When- 
ever historical matter has been given to the public it has 
usually appeared in some issue of the magazine, which is 
known henceforth as The Historical Number. Kappa 
Kappa Gamma issued a small pamphlet in 1903 for the use 
of its members and for distribution among its friends. The 
history of Delta Delta Delta, brought out in 1907, was the 



34 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

first and, up to the present time, the only elaborate at- 
tempt in book form. 

None of the sororities have authorized official calen- 
dars, but a number of chapters and individuals have pub- 
lished very attractive issues that in addition to serving as 
appropriate souvenirs have possessed considerable his- 
torical and literary value. 

Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins 
and Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of 
any one who is not a member, so little is known of them 
by outsiders. It is not unusual, however, for members 
of different sororities, especially when friends or relatives, 
to discuss the common problems that confront the differ- 
ent organizations. In this way it is possible for those 
who are deeply interested in. the advancement of the so- 
rority idea to secure a very fair knowledge of the policies 
and regulations of the various organizations as laid down 
in the different constitutions. 

Convention Reports are not guarded with any great 
care and on many occasions very important decisions have 
been made public through discussions in the magazines. 
From the historical numbers one may glean information 
concerning the successive steps in all the great move- 
ments and changes of policies. The older and larger a 
sorority becomes, the more likely it is to discuss freely 
and publish widely much of what it actually has done, 
what it is doing and what it expects to do. The system of 
exchanging magazines, first advocated publicly in Boston 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 35 

in 1891, practiced occasionally before that time by broad- 
minded, progressive editors, and in general vogue at the 
present day, has done much to develop a marked similari- 
ty in general policies. 

Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by 
many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the 
amount of routine correspondence is appalling where any 
attempt is made to secure marked intensive growth in a 
long roll of chapters. Secret issues afford great relief to 
overworked officials, place matter demanding immedi- 
ate attention before all the chapters at the same time and 
create a reference library that is of incalculable benefit to 
the chapters themselves. To Chi Omega belongs the 
honor of issuing the first secret sorority magazine. Its 
Mystagogue appeared in 1905. Delta Delta Delta was a 
close second with its Triton in 1906. The advantages of 
such an organ, issued at definite and stated times, over 
the occasional bulletin are too manifest to require a men- 
tion. 

ALUMNAE ASSOCIATIONS. 

The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch 
with the active work of the sorority and to provide con- 
genial associations for them is one of the more recent 
ideas that make for intensive growth. The prestige and 
dignity given by a strong body of alumnae in addition to 
the financial backing afforded will more than repay any 
society for the labor expended in lookmg out for the in- 



36 The Evolution of the Sorority system. 

terests of the excollegio members. Strange to say, these 
numerous advantages were not recognized by the oldest 
sororities very early in their careers. 

Phi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae 
associations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed 
until 1881. For ten years these bodies had all the privi- 
leges of active' chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 
the Alumnae Association was organized under a consti- 
tution of its own and had the right to hold conventions at 
the same time and place as the active chapters. In 1901 
a marked change in policy was made and the entire work 
along this line was given over to the Grand Vice-Presi- 
dent. Alumnae clubs may send representatives to the 
convention if they choose and these delegates have a voice 
but no vote. The Alumnae Association as a whole has 
one delegate and when possible she is the Alumnae Editor 
of "The Arrow." 

Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- 
diately, probably because conditions were not favorable 
to its dissemination. The magazine was in embyro, ex- 
changes unknown. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by 
the establishment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it 
has never permitted any association to exist that is not 
the direct outgrowth of an active chapter. Each is given 
representation in the national convention. 

Delta Gamma was the third sorority to organize 
groups of alumnae and is unique in having two kinds, one 
called alumnae chapters, the other alumnae associations. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 37 

The former possess a charter, pay dues and have a vote in 
convention. 

Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at 
its very inception for the organization of Alliances as it 
terms its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a 
special constitution for them and a special ritual called 
The- Circle Degree, by taking which graduates become 
eligible to membership in an Alliance. The first was 
formed in August, 1892. For a number of years only 
graduates were permitted to take the higher degree, but 
the convention of 1900 modified this policy somewhat, so 
that it is now possible occasionally for an ex-member to 
become associated with an Alliance. Special provision is 
made at the national convention for an Alliance session 
and representation in the undergraduate section as well. 
The Convention of 1906 provided for a special officer who 
has charge of all matters pertaining to the Alliances. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desira- 
bility of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated 
the matter vgiorously in their magazine, but the idea re- 
ceived no encouragement from the active membership. A 
group of Chicago alumnae, who were in charge of the 
sorority's exhibit at the World's Fair, petitioned the Con- 
vention of 1892 for a charter. After prolonged and heated 
discussion the vote was finally carried, but as the alumnae 
found the requirements of a chapter burdensome they re- 
turned their charter in 1896. A few other associations and 
clubs were organized after this, but it was not until the 



38 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Convention of 1902 that this sorority as a whole recogn- 
ized the need or importance of providing for its alumnae. 
At that time the work was put into the hands of the of- 
ficers' deputies and the growth has been phenomenal. At 
the Convention of 1906 a national organization of the 
alumnae association was effected under the control of 
three special officers, who serve as president, secretary and 
treasurer. One whole day is given over to the associations 
at convention for the transaction of business of special in- 
terest to alumnae. 

Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae 
in December, 1892, and has always given the associations 
all the privileges of the active chapters. 

Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for 
alumnae associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but 
in that year the Alpha Alumnae was organized at Green- 
castle, Ind. The associations at present number fourteen 
and are named alphabetically in ordef of founding regard- 
less of location, so, except in the case of the first, the 
names of the associations are different from the active 
chapters with which they are allied, a method that seems 
a trifle confusing when it is customary to name the groups 
from the cities in which they are located or from the chap- 
ters with which they are affiliated. 

Chi Omega gives a vote to every alumna attending 
convention. Charters are granted to alumnae chapters on 
practically the same conditions as those to college petition- 
ers and examinations are required of them as of the ac- 
tive chapters. 



The Evolution of the Sorority system. 39 

CHAPTER HOUSES. 

The chapter house movement among sororities is a 
rather recent one, and has come about quite naturally, 
because at many colleges the houses of the men's fraternit- 
ies are a conspicuous feature of the student life. Many 
faculties have fostered the development of the fraternity 
house idea because it relieved them of the necessity of pro- 
viding accommodations for a large number of students, 
and, to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, 
but not all have been ready to accord the same privileges 
to the sorority girls, and dormitory life or residence with 
relatives is still insisted upon at certain universities. The 
city university, drawing its material largely from the im- 
mediate environs, offers but little or no opportunity for 
the sorority house, though it is not unusual for chapters 
at such colleges to have suites of rooms which provide 
ample opportunities for spending a quiet hour in rest or 
study, passing the night after some college function, or 
offering informal entertainment to members or friends. 

Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1889 when it erected 
a chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters 
were quick to see the advantages of such a course and 
many now have hom^es which they ov/n wholly or in part. 

PAN - HELLENISM. 

The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time 
when the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa 



40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

Gamma secured permission from the convention as- 
sembled at Bloomington, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the 
other sororities to meet in convention at Boston. The 
proposed work, as set forth in "The Key," was to be that 
of recommendation only, the reports to be adopted or 
rejected as each sorority should decide. An attempt, 
however, was to be made, "To secure (i) uniformity of 
inter-fraternity courtesy, (2) co-operation in purchasing 
fraternity jewelry and stationery for purposes of increased 
security and cheapness, (3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan 
for the World's Fair, (4) uniformity in the dates of the 
fraternity publications, (5) inter-chapter co-operation and 
etiquette." 

A careful reading of the report of that first inter- 
sorority convention, which is given verbatim in practically 
all sorority magazines of that time, will show how earnest 
and enthusiastic were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how 
much might have been accomplished had the work con- 
tinued without interruption. The probable reason for the 
failure of a movement so auspiciously begun may be 
found in the fact that there was no city at which repre- 
sentatives from all the sororities could meet convenient- 
ly. Though the value of the work accomplished appealed 
to all, the expense incidental to providing entertainment 
for the official delegates during such a session probably 
deterred other sororities from extending a like invitation. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 41 

THE CONGRESS OF FRATERNITIES. 

Beginning in the Spring of 1892, representatives ap- 
pointed by all the sororities and a large number of the 
fraernities held monthly meetings in Chicago for the pur- 
pose of securing space and arranging a fraternity exhibit 
at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. All the 
sororities were heartily in favor of the idea, but as only 
half of the fraternities took any active interest in the mat- 
ter, the unique and interesting plan of the Pan-Hellenic 
Committee had to be abandoned. A fraternity congress 
was substituted with one-half day given to the fraternities, 
another half day to the Greek Press and a third half day 
to the sororities. Although the meetings themselves were 
most inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were 
present at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent 
value was accomplished, though for some months after- 
wards the different magazines gave considerable space to 
the discussion of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The 
time, however, was not yet ripe for any concerted action 
and the matter languished after the first flush of enthusi- 
asm had passed. { 

THE INTER-SORORITY CONFERENCES. 

It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, 
'95-'97, Grand President of Alpha Phi, 1900- '02, that the 
inspiration came to reopen the agitation for a saner deal- 
ing with the problem of rushing. As a result of her corres- 
pondence with the president of six other leading sorori- 



42 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

ties, it was learned that the grand president of Kappa Kap- 
pa Gamma and Delta Delta Delta had been conferring up- 
on this very subject and that the Chicago Alumnae of Kap- 
pa Alpha Theta had placed a petition before its grand coun- 
cil asking that the sororities be invited to consider some 
means of reform in rushing. With such a general senti- 
ment in favor of correcting evils and securing hearty co- 
operation along various lines of endeavor, Mrs. Whitney 
was encouraged to call the first Inter- Sorority Conference, 
which met in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the 
beginning of annual meetings presided over by each soror- 
ity in turn in the order of founding. All of the five con- 
ferences have been more or less recommendatory, yet 
each has had certain definite characteristics that dis- 
tinguish it from the others. They may be classified as 
tentative, suggestive, directive, legislative and authorita- 
tive. 

The first Inter-Sorority Conference, composed of dele- 
gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kap- 
pa Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta 
and Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future 
operations by submitting a set of motions of which it ap- 
proved to the diflferent sororities represented in the Con- 
ference. Although the meeting did not result in any inter- 
sorority compact, since all the sororities were not un- 
animously in favor of the recommendations submitted, yet 
much advance was made in providing for annual confer- 
ences. 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 43 

The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega 
and Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hel- 
lenic Associations at every college where two or more 
national sororities existed and urged sorority girls to 
take an active part in such college organizations as were 
intended for the good of all. Of four recommendations 
submitted to the sororities, two were unanimously ac- 
cepted during the succeeding year and so the first definite 
gain was made in an agreement not to pledge prior to 
matriculation. 

The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta and 
decided upon the order of rotation in office. It also de- 
fined the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the 
sororities to insist that these organizations should not 
merely promote good feeling and social intercourse, but 
that they should make earnest efforts to improve stand- 
ards aftd remove evils. The conference also took up the 
problem of social service, recommended the establishment 
of Women's Leagues, made preparations to form a Bureau 
of Comparative Legislation and raised the question of the 
advisability of asking that Deans of Women be appointed 
in all coeducational colleges. 

The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi 
and defined a national sorority as one having at least five 
chapters, all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition 
to the great advance made by the Conference in adopting 
a constitution and thus determining its own powers, it 
provided for the drafting of a model constitution for 
Women's Leagues. 



44 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

The Conference of 1906 admitted Sigma Kappa and 
remodelled the constitution of 1905, which had failed to 
pass two Grand Presidents. It showed renewed interest 
and activity in furthering the social service work and a 
desire to co-operate with Deans of Women in the 
amelioration of social evils. To secure greater unity in 
the Pan-Hellenic work of the colleges, a model consti- 
tution for Pan-Hellenics was approved and ordered printed 
for distribution and arrangements made to intensify the 
interest through the efforts of the visiting delegates. High 
school sororities were condemned and the conference put 
itself on record as proposing to use all its influence to 
have them discountenanced. An investigation of the laws 
of each state concerning the marking and wearing of 
badges by unauthorized persons was instituted. 

There is practically no limit to the valua'ble results 
that may be attained through these annual conferences. 
The regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though 
of the highest importance in its salutary effect upon gen- 
eral sorority standards, is yet but a small part of the work 
that may be done. To understand something of the pos- 
sibilities of the Inter-Sorority Conference, one need only 
realize that the ex-collegio members of the sororities num- 
ber 30,000 and that the Conference literature reaches at 
least one-third of these through the various sorority mag- 
azines. The active membership of 4500 is even more 
vitally affected, and each Fall 2000 new initiates are 
brought into touch with every movement that receives 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 45 

the sanction of the Conference. Except to a very limited 
degree, the college woman has been unable to have any- 
marked influence upon the college after graduation. Dur- 
ing her student days she has been obliged to follow the 
lines laid down for her brother, and if life's experience 
has shown her that college courses should be adapted more 
peculiarly to her own needs, she has had little or no op- 
portunity to say so. Her ideas on this point, unexpressed 
except to a very few, have had little weight. The As- 
sociation of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has deter- 
mined certain important facts relative to the higher edu- 
cation of women, but its work has 'been hampered by the 
small, restricted, scattered membership. It lacks, more- 
over, the vivifying touch that comes only with actual co- 
operation with the undergraduate body of college girls. 
The Inter-Sorority Conference is the only organization 
that can bridge the chasm between college theories and 
life's realities. Thus far it has confined its efforts to im- 
proving social conditions. The larger opportunity of mak- 
ing the college course a more vital force in the lives of 
college women is still before it. 



CHAPTER III. 
THE MISSION OF THE SORORITY. 

To determine whether the existence of the sorority as 
a factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary 
to understand what combination of circumstances called 
it into being, what it has to its credit in the line of ac- 
complishment, and what it is doing at the present time to 
warrant its continuance. Begun as an experirr.ent at 
Elmira half a century ago, and copied at Wellesley and 
Smith shortly after these institutions were opened, the 
Greek-Letter Society at the independent colleges for 
women seems to have been established with the full sanc- 
tion of the faculty, in the hope that it might serve to unite 
in a common interest the most prominent members of the 
student body. In the days when the elective system was 
unknown, the lines of demarcation between the different 
classes were very clearly defined, and these distinctions 
were not always conducive to the development of a prop- 
er college spirit. By forming a nucleus around which 
should cluster some of the most precious associations of 
college life, the administration hoped to foster a strong 
esprit de corps. Except to a very few of the students this 
raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. To the majority of 



The Mission of the Sorority. 47 

v/omen in college thirty years ago, when so much stress 
was laid upon Latin, Greek and Mathematics, the soci- 
eties, by copying the methods of the popular lyceum of- 
fered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the mas- 
terpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of 
questions of permanent or passing interest. Since the 
development of a strong college spirit was the desidera- 
tum in the formation of the societies, the originators gave 
little heed to the possibilities that these organizations af- 
forded for the cementing of college friendships. It is 
rare indeed to find among their members the close bond of 
sympathy so characteristic of the national sororities, in 
spite of the fact that the two are practically alike as far 
as secrecy is concerned. 

In those colleges, however, where the administration 
has decided upon coeducation, and where the men stu- 
dents were often openly hostile to the movement to admit 
women, the Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even 
when founded at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took 
on the nature of a protective league through which the 
members endeavored by united action to secure recogni- 
tion for themselves as a vital part of college life. Misun- 
derstood in the classroom, shut out from participation in 
the literary and debating societies organized by the men, 
unrecognized in the social life that crystallized around the 
fraternities, the few who were courageous enough to brave 
outspoken ridicule or veiled slur were sadly in need of the 
moral support that the sorority could give. From the 



48 The Mission of the Sorority. 

close communion of heart and soul in those days of trial 
sprang the impulse to form a sisterhood that should be a 
potent factor during the college course and which, at the 
same time, should lay the foundation for life-long friend- 
ship. 

Just how much the sorority did for the first genera- 
tion of college girls in making their position secure and in 
demonstrating their right to educational privileges equal 
to those enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be 
found in records, but there can be no doubt that the Greek- 
Letter Society rendered valuable service to the cause of 
higher education by encouraging members to complete 
their college course and by influencing them to interest 
other girls in what was for years an experiment, nay more, 
an experiment that met with slight favor and scanty sup- 
port from the general public. That the sorority did ce- 
m.ent friendships there is ample evidence to prove, for the 
earliest issues of the sorority magazines are filled with 
the testimony of those who gladly bore witness to the en- 
richment of their lives through the wealth of sympathetic 
interest such friendships had bestowed J Only those who 
have been blessed with true friendships can understand 
how very barren and spiritless life would be without the 
stimulus and zest they give. To be trusted, to be ap- 
preciated, to be loved, makes possible the practically im- 
possible, renders the joy of success more keen, the sting 
of sorrow less poignant. 

It was not, however, in these two important particu- 



The Mission of the Sorority. 49 

lars alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered pecu- 
liar and efficient service. If there v^as any element of 
danger in the higher education of women in the early days, 
it lay in the fact that the pioneers were inclined to take 
themselves and their work too seriously, to see life in a 
false perspective under the influence of unusual condi- 
tions. From the peril of such erroneous ideas as might 
have been engendered by the impress of new and peculiar 
circumstances, many a girl was rescued by her sorority. 
As one of a crowd she lost self-consciousness. Within 
the chapter group the tension was relaxed and normal con- 
editions prevailed. Here with friends she need not be on 
parade. She could be what she was, an essentially femin- 
ine woman, with wide outlook and large ambitions to be 
sure, but no phenomenon as the general public insisted 
-upon regarding her. The simple wholesome social life 
that the sorority made a possiibility was conducive to 
naturalness, feminine charm and womanly dignity. For 
the first generation of college girls the sorority was prima- 
rily a humanizing agency. 

Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the 
sorority as a protective league is long since past, its im- 
portance as a prominent factor in the college life of to- 
day is even greater than ever, for it touches vitally the 
lives of hundreds where once it touched a score. Indis- 
pensible as it still is in fostering friendships during the 
years when a college girl is peculiarly in need of the close 
companionship of those who will treat her with a mixture 



50 The Mission of the Sorority. 

of charity and frank critism, there are yet other impor- 
tant services that the sorority renders its members. In 
these days when it is no unusual thing for a girl to go to 
college, the young matriculate is in no immediate danger 
of considering herself a rara avis or of developing eccentri- 
cities of dress or manner. If there is any risk run it will' 
certainly not be along the line of becoming strong-minded, 
of having advanced ideas, of promulgating pronounced' 
views. Rather will she be lost in the crowd. To-day in 
the great throngs attending our popular colleges, amid 
the complexity of academic life, there can not be the op- 
portunity for the development of individuality, so marked 
a feature of that earlier period when the personal rela- 
tion between faculty and students was noticeably strong. 
Personality is a tremendous force in the development of 
personality, but modern exigencies and modern methods 
have built up barriers between professor and student. 
Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher educaion 
of women has in a rheasure been satisfactorily solved, the 
modern educator is no longer so interested in the annual 
solution as it applies to individual cases. 

There is, without doubt, another reason why the col- 
lege has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of 
justice, to GO more to develop that very essential quality^ 
known as the creative faculty. No to be identical, but to^ 
be individual, not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, 
but to lead, betokens the master mind; yet all education^ 
in its endeavors to make the individual conform to a de- 



The Mission of the Sorority. 51 

finite standard, tends to stifle originality, to put a check 
upon independent thought. Up to a certain point this is 
a very wise arrangement, for too much liberty will result 
in license. In the case of the elementary education, which 
trains the masses and prepares primarily for apprentice- 
:ship, it is necessary to inculcate obedience, to demand sub- 
jection to law, to insist upon the closest attention to detail, 
for upon these fundamentals depends the youth's success 
in such work as he may be called upon to do. In the case 
of the secondary education, however, which trains the 
classes and prepares incidentally for skilled workmanship, 
sufficient latitude should be allowed for the expression of 
individual taste and talent. In the case of the college edu- 
cation, which trains only the elect and which should pre- 
pare preeminently for leadership, the dominant thought 
should be the development of individuality. The college 
In preparing its students for intellectual and spiritual lead- 
ership must furnish a broad, liberal education, and must 
train specifically the intellect, the heart, the will, the taste, 
the conscience. All this the college does, but more is 
needed. Abstract studies, invaluable as they are for men- 
tal training, lead to theorizing. Theory is not practice. 
In great as in small things man learns by doing. If a man 
is to be a great leader, he must lead first in small ventures, 
then in sizable undertakings, finally in great enterprises. 
He must serve his apprenticeship. 

In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
;^reat student leagues of our famous universities, there is 



52 The Mission of the Sorority. 

opportunity for only a very few to rise above their col- 
lege mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of 
mediocrity. To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. 
It is just here that the sorority is in a position to supple- 
ment the work of the college in its endeavors to prepare 
for leadership by presenting opportunities for apprentice- 
ship such as the college of itself is unable to give save in 
limited degree. To understand the peculiar fitness of the- 
sorority for this work it is necessary to consider the es- 
sential qualities of a leader. Whether leadership is to be 
in small ventures or great enterprises, the prime essentials- 
are the same. Most important of all is self-confidence. 
This fundamental requisite of success m any undertak- 
ing must not be confounded with that most undesirable 
attribute, self-conceit, which has its roots in vanity^ 
Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies at the founda- 
tion of self-respect. Self-confidence begets enthusiasm^ 
enthusiasm to inspire. Self-confidence begets courage, 
courage to dare. Self-confidence begets strength, strength 
to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic interest in the things 
to be accomplished, without the courage resulting from a. 
consciousness of power, without an abiding faith in the 
ability to carry any undertaking to completion, leadership 
is impossible. By taking its members out of the crowd: 
and making each a distinct unit in a small group, the sor- 
ority is able to foster individuality. By providing every 
initiate with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of 
service and for all kinds of experience, first in the simple 



The Mission of the Sorority. 53 

work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
national organization, the sorority is particularly well 
qualified to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self- 
confidence. 

According to the popular idea self-confidence is the 
only requisite for leadership, but he who would be master 
over others, must first be master over himself. Self-con- 
trol is likewise indispensible. Self-control implies perfect 
insight, the ability to see the end from the beginning. 
Self-control implies perfect adjustment to kindred forces. 
Self-control implies perfect obedience to perfect law. Self- 
confidence alone may of itself secure leadership, but it will 
be the leadership of the demagogue. Without the pene- 
tration that insures a grasp of the situation, without the 
disposition to recognize the rights of others, without the 
desire to obey the dictates of conscience, there can be no 
useful, effective leadership. By keeping ever before its 
members a very definite laim, by demanding of each indi- 
vidual a due consideration for the rights of every other, 
not only of her own chapter but of the entire organiza- 
tion, by expecting obedience to the tenets of the order, the 
sorority exerts a very wholesome discipline that argues 
well for the growth of self-control. 

Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self- 
confidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings 
material rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. 
Leadership that has both self-confidence and self-control 
as basic principles will be lasting, will win rewards, will 



54 The Mission of the Sorority. 

be productive of honor. Such leaders'hip means worldly 
success and meets with popular approval. To understand, 
however, whether such is the highest form of leadership, 
we need only to turn to the life of the great Examplar. He 
is the Light, the Truth, the Way. As the Son of God He 
was conscious of His power. The miracles He performed 
testify to His confidence in Himself. Though all power 
was given to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He exercise 
self-control. Under sore temptation He did not yield. Yet 
this was not all. His incarnation was not primarily foi 
the purpose of performing miracles or of teaching self- 
control. Christ's message to the world was the beauty of 
service, the sacredness of leadership. There were many 
tones in that harmonious Life, but the key-note was self- 
sacrifice. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for responsi- 
bility. Self-sacrifice recognizes the need for patience. Self- 
sacrifice recognizes the need for sympathy. By insisting 
that every privilege brings with it a corresponding re- 
sponsibility, by urging always the great importance or 
patience in dealing with the problems in one's own life or 
that of any other, by making love the mainspring in every 
line of endeavor that the order undertakes, the sorority be- 
comes one of life's great forces in teaching the beauty of 
self-sacrifice. Leadership under the spell of this great 
power must be magnetic. Self-confidence then, is creative, 
self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice persuasive. Leader- 
ship that possesses all three qualities cannot fail to bring 
success with honor and peace. Suc'h is the education that 



The Mission of the Sorority. 55 

the college is pledged to give, but the college has its limi- 
taiions. By emphasizing and developing all these re- 
quisites for leadership, by providing innumerable opport- 
unities for the practical application of the same, the sor- 
ority is supplementing the work of the college and render- 
ing a special service to society. In thus enhancing the 
value of academic training, the sorority makes the college 
a much more vital force in the life of the student than it 
could otherwise be. The fine college spirit that is an out- 
growth of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to 
advocate college residence. This, though in no sense a 
definite aim that the sorority has placed before itself, 
means much for the cause of higher education. The bene- 
fit that comes to the college from an increased matricula- 
tion, from a student body fired with the torch of ideality, 
from a roll of alumnae whose names are synonymous with 
honorable accomplishment is, in no small part, a result of 
the existence of the sorority. 

Although the work done in preparation for leadership 
is perhaps the most important within the scope of the 
sorority, it is far from being the only benefit that the mem- 
bers receive. Very valuable, indeed, is the business train- 
ing that comes during association with the chapter in un- 
dergraduate days or from service in the national organiza- 
tion after the college course is ended. Some college women 
have a natural aptitude for business, some, especially those 
who v/ork their way through, understand the value of a 
dollar, but the average college girl, whose every bill is 



56 The Mission of the Sororitv. 

paid by an indulgent father, whose every whim is gratified 
by an adoring mother, has very hazy ideas on the sub- 
ject of finance. Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, will 
very likely expect to have her income supplemented by 
generous checks from home, while, if she should preside 
over a home of her own, she will expect, from past ex- 
perience, to find credit unlimited. No woman who may be 
thrown upon her own resources — and what woman may 
not? — should enter upon the third decade of her life with- 
out a pretty fair knowledge of the ordinary methods of 
transacting business. Yet, how very few women ever do 
acquire this knowledge. To have a stated chapter income, 
to decide just how it must be apportioned for rent or 
taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for food, heat, light and 
entertainment, is always valuable experience. To place 
mortgages, to negotiate loans, to understand building 
laws, to handle and invest large sums of money such as 
the national sororities annually receive, is as important 
a training for a woman as for a man. If wage-earner or 
inheritrix she will have money to invest. As a wife and 
mother she will handle funds in trust. 

Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its 
members because of their affiliation with a large organiza- 
tion is the chance it gives them through correspondence, 
fraternity publications and conventions to get a wide out- 
look over the entire field of collegiate education. Though 
one of a group small enough to admit of the growth of the 
individual, each is also one of a mighty throng capable 



The Mission of the Sorority. 57 

of accomplishing much through concerted action. Provin- 
cialism is thus made impossible even in the small college. 
The inspiration that has come to many a small college 
to broaden its student life has been the direct result of the 
contact of its undergraduates with those of some large 
university. The awakening of many a large university 
to the need of deepening its student life has come through 
the magnetic influence given to its undergraduates by 
those of some small college. The important part that the 
sorority is playing in developing a national type of cul- 
tured womanhood is another phase of the work it is doing 
for society and one for which it takes little credit to itself. 
A cultured woman is always an honor to the land of her 
birth, but a cultured woman with lofty ideals and noble 
principles is a lustrous jewel in the nation's crown. Such 
a one is the sorority girl. The badge she wears upon her 
breast is a constant reminder to her that she has pledged 
both heart and hand to honor and truth, that she has set 
her face to the light, never to turn back. 

Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities 
are prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on 
the ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of be- 
ing an undesirable thing, as many pessimists would have 
us believe, the clique, as established by the sorority, is a 
most salutary arrangement for grouping college girls into 
congenial coteries. Promiscuous friendships, though dem- 
ocratic, are dangerous. A woman should have large ideals 
and generous sympathies, but she should concentrate her 



58 The MiSSiON OF THE SORORITY. 

affections upon a few. Her friendships should be not 
numerous and shallow, but limited and deep. The har- 
mony resulting from the union of a few with common in- 
terests be'ars rich fruit later when college women in any 
locality unite for effective work along any line. The so- 
rority trains its members for organized effort, for lofty 
aims, for conservation of force. 

Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and 
making her a permanent member of a small group, the 
sorority is rendering her an inestimable service. It is 
providing her during her college course with family af- 
filiations and with the essential elements of a home, — 
sympathetic interest, wise supervision, disinterested ad- 
vice. Incidentally society itself is benefited. The corner 
stone of the social structure is the family, and it is not al- 
together wise that college girls, or college boys for that 
matter, should cut loose from youth's anchorage and drift 
far from home moorings during four long years. There is 
a danger, and a very grave danger, that four years' resi- 
dence in a dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals of 
home life and substitute in their stead a belief in the free- 
dom that comes from community living. It is in recogni- 
tion of this fact that some of the large colleges for women 
have adopted as far as possible the cottage system of hous- 
ing students. Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing cul- 
ture we cannot get too much of unless while acquiring it 
we are weaned from home and friends, from ties of blood 
and kindred. If there is a tendency of modern times more 



The Mission of the Sorority. 59 

to be deplored than any other, it is the disposition on the 
part of the younger generation to shirk the duties and re- 
sponsibilities of home life. Dangerous as this tendency 
is, it will be doubly so, if college graduates are to be in- 
oculated with the virus. To them as its most finished 
product society looks for leadership. Yet an exceedingly 
large number of students, while in pursuit of the very cul- 
ture which can add so much enrichment to the simplest 
home, are forced to forego the influences that experience 
has proved most potent in the right adjustment of social 
conditions. Deep and lasting are college impressions, for 
the mind, no longer plastic, is moulded into its final form. 
Precious indeed are those that inspire to right ideals of 
life and thought, perilous any that would substitute new 
ideas for old ideals. The sorority through the chapter 
house, emphasizes the advantage of home life over dor- 
mitory residence. Through the chapter organization it 
keeps ever before its members the imperative need of liv- 
ing together in harmony, of assuming and sharing respon- 
sibilities, of so ordering one's life that every act shall re- 
flect only honor. The chapter, like the family, is a cor- 
poration, which, though closely associated or affiliated 
with many others, has still within itself a very distinct 
and separate existence. The individual members of both 
are united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely 
and their position in society depends upon the individual 
part that each member plays. Both lay many responsibil- 
ities upon their members, but every responsibility has its 



60 The Mission of the Sorority. 

attendant privilege. So closely indeed is the one pat- 
terned after the other that it is not difficult to see that 
the sorority is an expression of the college girl's belief in 
the beauty and power of the home. The transition from 
dormitory residence to home life must always be a critical 
time for any girl. Herein lies the reason for much of the 
restlessness on the part of those who have dwelt in dormi- 
tories at boarding school or college. The new ideas do 
not adjust themselves to old ideals. It is like patching 
homespun with silk or cloth of gold. The sorority, by 
demanding the same virtues as the family, makes the 
break between home and college and later between col- 
lege and home almost imperceptible. New ideals may be 
made to take the place of old ideas, just as precious stones 
may be substituted for paste in some rare old setting, or 
as an artist may renew the colors in some old masterpiece. 
Any organization that fosters love of home should be en- 
couraged, for from the home as the central force in civil- 
ization must emanate all the influences that make for 
progress. 

Whatever the line of service to which she may con- 
secrate herself, the, sorority girl will always be a success. 
She cannot fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. 
She is, to be sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, 
her college and her sorority, but none of these will ever 
press for payment. They consider their investment safe 
as long as her name is a synonym for honor. As a col- 
lege woman she will adjust herself in time to any position 



The Mission of the Sorority. 6i 

in which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl she will 
adjust herself quickly, easily, happily, because, in addition 
to the stores of knowledge acquired through years of 
study and always available for pleasure or profit, she will 
liave gained through the discipline of the chapter both 
wisdom and understanding^ If called to be the presiding 
genius of a home, she will be ready, since she is a college 
woman, to contribute of her w ealth of intellect to all those 
agencies that are working for the betterment of social 
conditions, but since she is a sorority girl her appreciation 
of what humanity needs will be keener and truer, her 
judgment concerning means and methods to be employed 
in dealing with human problems, saner and sounder. If 
not needed in the home the college woman will find ample 
opportunity out in the world for the exercise of her vari- 
ous talents. Especially will there be an urgent call for 
her to act as guide, philosopher and friend of aspiring 
youth, but wiser will be her guidance, more practical her 
philosophy, more potent her friendship if she is a sorority" 
girl, for through association with the different members 
of her chapter she has gained a knowledge of human na- 
ture such as can come only from being in intimate touch 
v/ith many lives and many minds. To sum up, in the 
-case of the second generation of college girls the sorority 
is essentially an individualizing and harmonizing agency. 

With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the 
past, with so much more to be done in the present, the 
sorority may look forward to the future with courage, 



02 The Mission of the Sororitv. 

confident that its existence in the college fills a want that 
can be met in no other or better way. Ever present is the 
freshman in need of kindly counsel, ever present the up- 
per class woman in need of the humanizing and vitaliz- 
ing touch the giving of disinterested advice can bestow. 
Ever present, as a result of the high pressure demands of 
scholastic work, is the need of a simple social life as a, 
safety valve, ever present amid the multitudinous dis- 
tractions of university life, the need of a constant inspira- 
tion to fine scholarship, ever present at all times the need 
of supplementing the college in its preparation for the- 
serious work of life. 

The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in 
what it tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members 
may be guilty occasionally of little mdiscretions, but lap- 
ses of this kind will be fewer as the years go on, for the 
Visiting Delegate, by demanding excellence in classroom 
records, by insisting on indications of a proper college 
spirit and a proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine re- 
gard for the best social observances, by emphasizing the 
importance of simplicity, sincerity and sympathy on the 
part of the members in their relation to one another and 
to other college women, calls the chapter's attention to 
the high ideals that the order has placed before itself, and 
incidentally paves the way for the sorority as a whole to 
be highly respected by student body and faculty. The 
sorority, as was most natural under complex conditions, 
has given rise to some problems, but such as are at all 



THE Mission of the Sorority. 63 

■serious will soon no longer exist, for the Inter-Sorority 
Conference has already demonstrated its ability to cope 
with them. The sorority in the past has been the cause 
of some needless anxiety on the part of faculties, but there 
will be little occasion for uneasiness or apprehension in 
the future, because faculties generally have awakened 
to a realization of the fact that the organization can be 
made a most invaluable assistant in all reforms, experi- 
ments, or enterprises that the administration may wish 
to undertake and which may depend for their ultimate 
success upon the hearty co-operation of the student body. 
The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, 
its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserv- 
ing of a very royal welcome whenever it decides to enter 
a college or university, because its advent means that a 
number of students have banded together and pledged 
themselves to work unfalteringly and unflaggingly for 
high ideals, for noble aims. The tiny ievv^el that sparkles 
upon the breast of each member is an outward and visible 
sign of an inward and spiritual erace that has enthroned 
itself in the heart and v/ill be content with nothing short 
of the good, the true and the beautiful. 



k 



LITERARY SORORITIES. 

CLASS A. 

Alpha Chi Omega, 

October 15, 1885. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Edward R. Loud, 504 E. Erie St., Albion^. 
Mich. 

Vice-President, Mrs. Robert P. Howell, 1613 S. Univer- 
sity Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Secretary, Imo Baker, 702 W. University Ave., Cham- 
paign, 111. 

Treasurer, Laura A. Howe, 912 North St., Logansport^ 
Ind. 

Historian, Mabel Siller, 716 Clark St., Evanston, 111. 

Inspector, Mrs. Richard Tennant, 824 S. 5th St., Terre 
Haute, Ind. 

Editor, Mrs. William Wade, 2236 Ashland Ave., Indian- 
apolis, Ind.. 

Chapter Roll. 
Albion, Alleghaney, DePauw, Illinois, Michigan, New Eng- 
land Conservatory, Northwestern, Simpson, Southern: 
California, Syracuse, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Chi Omega has 11 college chapters and 2 al-~ 



Literary Sororities. 65 

umnae associtions. The total membership is 1500, the 
active membership 200, the average initiation 75. The 
badge is a lyre with Alpha Chi Omega emblazoned in 
gold on black enamel. The pledge pin is diamond-shaped, 
of scarlet enamel, and displays a gold lyre. The sorority 
has no national flag. 

Colors-Scarlet and Olive. Flower-Scarlet Carnation 
with Smilax. Jewel-None. Open Motto-"Ye Daughters 
of Music, Come Up Higher." Insignia-Lyre. Patron-None. 
Call-None. 

Magazine-The Lyre- 1896. 

Next Convention-Champaign, 111., Nov. 28-30, 1908. 

ALPHA DELTA PHI. 

May 15, 1851. 

Supreme Executive Council. . 

President, Elizabeth Moseley, Union Springs, Ala. 
Secretary, Mrs. Lott Warren, 137 Lee St., Atlanta, Ga. 
Reporter, Mrs. Dorothy B. Lamar, Georgia Ave., Atlanta, 

Ga. 
Treasurer, Mrs. J. H. White, U. S. M. Hospital, New 

Orleans, La. 
Inspector, Lillian Moore, 923 S. 17th St., Birmingham, 

Ala. 
Historian, Mrs. Edgar Ross, Vineville, Macon Ga. 
Editor, Tatum Pope, Madison St., Macon, Ga. 



66 Literary Sororities. 

I Chapter Roll. 

Alabama, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Newcomb, Salem, 
Southwestern, Texas, Weslevan College. 

Alpha Delta Phi has 7 chapters and 6 alumnae as- 
sociations. The total membership is 1000, the active mem- 
bership 150, the average initiation 50. The badge is dia- 
mond-shaped, enameled in black and bearing two stars, 
clasped hands and the Greek letters. The sorority has no 
flag. 

Colors-Pale Blue and White. Flower-Double Vio- 
let. Jewel-None. Open Motto-We live for each other. 
Insignia-Clasped Hands, Stars. Patron-None. Call- 
None. 

Magazine-The Adelphean-1907. 

Next Convention-Time and place undecided. 

ALPHA GAMMA DELTA. 

May 30, 1904. 

Grand Council. 

President, Jennie C. Titus, Camillus, N. Y. 
Secretary, Clara Lang, Providence, R. I. 
Treasurer, Mrs. L. F. Miller, Madison, Wis. 

Chapter Roll. 

Syracuse, Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 
Alpha Gamma Delta has 3 college chapters, but no 



Literary Sororities. 67 

alumnae associations. The total membership is 116, the 
active membership 54, the average initiation 25. The badge 
is a monogram of the three letters. The flag is green and 
buff with the letters in red. 

Colors-Red, Buff and Green. Flower-Red and Buff 
roses. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. 

Magazine-To be published soon. 

Next Convention-Madison, Wis., April, 1908. 

ALPHA OMICRON PI. 

- - . .-— -;-?«? 

January 2, 1897. 
Executive Committee. 

President, Mrs. George V. Mullan, University Heights> 

N. Y. C. 
Vice-President, Edith B. Fettretch, 335 W. 88th St., N. 

Y. C. 
Rec. Secretary, Mrs. George H. Perry, 625 W. 138th St., 

N. Y. C. 
Cor. Secretary, Elizabeth I. Toms, 44 W. 128th St., N. 

Y. C. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Frederick A. Ives, 257 Lenox Ave., N. 

Y. C. 

;ji >j; ^ 

Editor, Helen Arthur, 220 Broadway, N. Y. C. 

Chapter Roll. 
Barnard, California, Nebraska, Newcomb, New York, 
Randolph-Macon, Tennessee. 






68 Literary Sororities. 

k Alpha Omicron Pi has 7 college chapters and i alum- 
nae association. The total membership is 300, the active 
membership 125, the average initiation 50. The badge 
consists of three letters of the sorority's name superim- 
posed one upon the other in sequence with a ruby or gar- 
net at the apex of the Alpha, though the rest of the pin 
may be jewelled in accordance with individual taste. The 
pledge pin is a sheaf of gold with the initial of the chapter 
engraved on the reverse side. The flag is a cardinal ban- 
ner with the Greek letters in white. 

Color- Cardinal. Flower- Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel- 
Ruby. Open Motto- None. Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-To Dragma-1905. 

Next Convention-New York, June 19-20, 1908. 

ALPHA PHI. 

October 20, 1872. 

General Board. 
President, Frances M. Staver, 310 East St., Monroe, Wis. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Thomas Rockwell, 345 Davis St., 

Evanston, 111. 
Cor. Sec, Mrs. F. W. Roe, 2018 Madison St., Madison, 

Wis. 
Rec. Sec, Ono M. Imhoff, 819 Irving Place, Madison, 

Wis. 
Treasurer, Gertrude Sherman, 176 Mason St., Milwaukee. 

Editor, Elizabeth S. Brown, Ann Arbor, Mich. 



Literary Sororities. 69 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Cornell, DePauw, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, Stanford, 
Syracuse, Toronto, Wisconsin. 

Alpha Phi has 14 college chapters, and 7 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 1600, the active mem- 
bership 300, the average initiation 100. The badge is a 
monogram of the two Greek letters. Alpha and Phi, which 
give the society its name. The pledge pin is a small circu- 
lar badge of bordeaux enamel with the open motto in Greek 
between two bands of silver. The sorority has no national 
flag. 

Colors-Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers-Lilies-of-the 
Valley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel-None. Open Motto- 
Hand in Hand. Insignia-The Constellation of Ursa Major. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Alpha Phi Quarterly- 1888. 

Next Convention-Madison, Wis., Oct. 29-Nov. 2, 1908. 

ALPHA XI DELTA. 

April 17, 1893. 
Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. J. R. Leib, 1271 W. Was'hington Street, 
Springfield, 111. 

Vice-President and Historian, Florence L. Grange, Ver- 
milion, S. D. 



70 Literary Sororities. 

Secretary, Mary E. Kay, 75 S. Union Ave., Alliance, O. 
Treasurer, Mary A. Power, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. 



Editor, Bertha G. Cleveland, Sayville, L. I. 

Chapter Roll. 

Bethany, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Lombard, Minnesota, 
Mt. Union, South Dakota, Syracuse, Tufts, Washington 
State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg. 

Alphia Xi Delta has 13 college chapters and 3 
alumnae chapters. The total membership is 500, the ac- 
tive membership 200, the average initiation 100. The 
badge is a quill with the society's initials in raised and 
burnished gold on the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse 
of black enamel with the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek 
letters. Alpha Xi Delta, being in gold on the black back- 
ground. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower-Pink 
Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Quill. 
Patron-None. Call-Secret. 

Magazine-Alphta Xi Delta-1903. 

Next Convention-Morgantown, W. Va., Oct. 31-Nov. 
J, 1907. 



LITERARY Sororities. 71 

CHI OMEGA. 

April 5, 1895. 

Supreme Governing Council. 

S. H., Mrs. A. H. Purdue, FayetteviUe, Ark. 

S. T. B., Jobelle Holcombe, FayetteviUe, Ark 

S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe. Kans. 

S. N. v., Mairy G. Miller, 203 N Seventh St., Fort Smith, 

Ark. 
S. M., Mrs. H. F. Bain, 104 E. Green St., Champaign, 111. 
Editor, Mattie H. Craig'hill, 610 Court St., Lynchburg, Va. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas, Barnard, California, Colby, Colorado, Dickin- 
son, George Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, 
Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Newcomb, Northwest- 
ern, Randolph-Macon, Southwestern Baptist, Tennessee, 
Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chi Omega has 21 college chapters and 10 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 1200, the active 
membership 350, the average initiation 150. The badge is 
a monogram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and 
an owl engraved upon its sides, w'hile the arch bears the 
letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is 
oblong, rounded at each end, enamelled in black, with the 



72 Literary Sororities. 

letters Chi Omega in gold. The sorority has no national 
flag. 

Colors-Cardinal and Straw. Flower-White Carnation. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Skull, Cross- 
Bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron-Demeter. Call-A clear 
high trill. 

Magazine-Eleusis-1899. 

Secret Publication-Mystagogue-1905. 

Next Convention-Chicago, 111., June, 1908. 

DELTA DELTA DELTA. 

Thanksgiving Eve, 1888. 
Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Egbert N. Parmelee, 755 Greenleaf Ave., 
Rogers Park, 111. 

Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Alonzo G. Howard, 1977 Centre St., 
West Roxbury, Mass. Myra Powers, 1218 Lunt 
Ave., Chicago. Mrs. J. E. Rhodes, 2508 Pleasant 
Ave., Minneapolis. 

Secretary, Marion E. P. Ball, 500 W. 121st St., N. Y. C. 

Treasurer, Merle Pickford, Eau Claire, Wis. 

Marshal, Mrs. Homer Hoeh, Marion, Kans. 

Historian, Mrs. Frank E. Priddy, Adrian, Mich. 

Alliance Officer, Katherine Ratterman, 510 York St., Cin- 
cinnati, O. 

Editor, R. Louise Fitch, Galva, 111. 



Literary Sororities. 73 

Chapter Roll. 

Adrian, Baker, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Cal- 
ifornia, Cincinnati, Iowa, Knox, Minnesota, Mississippi, 
Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, Simpsom, St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Vermont, 
Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 

Delta Delta Delta has 23 chapters and 16 alliances, as 
the alumnae associations are called. The total membership 
is 1900, the active membership 400, the average initiation 
175. The badge is a cresent inclosing three stars and 
bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin is a trident. Mem- 
bers admitted to the alliances wear an equilateral triangle 
of white enamel, supporting on its sides three Deltas of 
gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by six 
spherical triangles in blue enamel. The national flag is 
rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, 
the first and tihird sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in 
white and the other three stars in white, the middle bar 
white with a green pine tree upon it. 

Colors-Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower-Pansy. Jewel- 
Pearl. Open Motto-Let Us Steadfastly Love One An- 
other. Insignia-Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. 
Patron- Poseidon. Call-Alala ! Alala ! Alala ! Ta Hiera 
Poseidonia ! 

Magazine-The Trident-1891. 

Secret Publication-The Tnton-1906. 

Next Convention-Lincoln, Neb., June, 1908. 



74 Literary Sororities. 

DELTA GAMA. 

January 2, 1874. 
Grand Council. 

President, Rose F. Smith, 2419 Grand Avenue, Los Ange- 
les, Cal. 

Vice-President, Mary Rosemond, State Library, Des 
Moines, la. 

Secretary, Rutih Rosholt, 1925 Penn Ave., South, Minnea- 
polis, Minn. 

Treasurer, Margaretha Sheppard, 225 Greenwood Boule- 
vard, Evanston, 111. 

Editor, Grace Abbott, 705 W. ist St., Grand Island, Neb. 

Chapter Roll. 

Albion, Baltimore, Buchtel, California, Colorado, Cornell, 
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Mt. Union, 
Nebraska., Northwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Washing- 
ton State, Wisconsin. 

Delta Gamma has 18 college chapters, 5 alumnae chap- 
ters and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 
2200, the active membership 300, the average initiation 100. 
The badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield 
of white enamel with the letters Delta Gamma in gold. On 
the stock, also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, 
Delta and Eta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white 
enamel similar to the one on the badge with the Greek 



Literary Sororities. 75 

letters Pi Alpha in gold. The sorority flag is to be adopted 
soon. 

Colors-Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower-Cream-colored 
Rose. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-None. 
Patron-None. Call-None. 

Magazine-The Anchora-1884. 

Net Convention-Ann Arbor, May, 1909. 

DELTA SIGMA. 

November 2, 1901. 

Grand Lodge. 

Names and addresses kept secret. 

Chapter Roll. 
Brown, Maine, Tufts. 

Delta Sigma has 3 college chapters and 3 alumnae as- 
sociations. The total membership is 200, the active mem- 
bership 50, the average initiation 20. The badge is a gold 
circle set with four diamonds and eight pearls. From the 
diamonds spring arcs of tangent circles which outline a 
depressed field of black enamel bearing the letters Delta 
Sigma in gold. The sorority has no pledge pin and no 
flag. 

Colors-Nile Green and White. Flower- Violet. 

Time and place of convention kept secret. 



76 LITERARY SORORITIES. 

GAMA PHI BETA. 
November ii, 1874. 

Executive Board. 

President, Gertrude C. Ross, 230 26th St., Milwaukee. 

Vice-President, Amy L. Phelan, 1128 Tenth St., Sacra- 
mento, Cal. 

Secretary, Mrs. Thomas L. Berry, 1019 Hinman Ave., 
Evanston, 111. 

Treasurer, Mabel C. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse, 
N. Y. 

Advisory, Marion D. Dean, 489 Swain's Pond Ave., Mel- 
rose, Mass. 

Advisory, Una A. Winterburn, 105 Riverside Drive, New 
York City. 

^ ^ >|: 

Editor, Anna M. Dimmick, 26 N. Fourth St., Columbus, O. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, California, Denver, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Northwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Washing- 
ton State, Wisconsin. 

Gamma Phi Beta has 12 college chapters and 6 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 1400, the active mem- 
bership 250, the average initiation 100. The badge is a 
monogram of the tlhree letters of the society's name, in- 
closed within a crescent of black enamel bearing in char- 



Literary Sororities. 77 

acters of gold the Hebrew for "Four." The pledge pin 
is a crescent-shaped stick pin of brown enamel. The so- 
rority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Brown. Flower-Carnation. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-Founded On a Rock. Insig- 
nia-Crescent. PatronrNone. Call-None. Whistle-None. 

Magazine-The Crescent- 1 901. 

Next Convention-Syracuse, N. Y., Nov. 12-15, 1907. 

KAPPA ALPHA THETA. 

January 2^, 1870. 
Grand Council. 

President, Anna Harrison, 1243 Western Ave., Topeka, 
Kansas. 

Vice-Presidents, Eva E. Capron, Central Park, Long Isl- 
and, N. Y. Sarah E. Cotton, 1416 N. New Jersey 
St., Indianapolis. Eva R. Hall, Wilmette, 111. Jessie 
M. Macfarland, 2644 Portland St., Los Angeles, Cal. 

Secretary, L. Pearle Green, Stanford University, Cal. 

Treasurer, Edith D. Cockins, 1348 Neil Ave., Columbus, O. 

Editor, Charlotte H. Walker, 1129 Washtenaw St., Ann 
Arbor, Mich. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Albion, Allegheney, Baltimore, Barnard, Brown, 
Butler, California, Cornell, DePauw, Illinois, Indiana, 



78 LITERARY SORORITIES. 

Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Ohio State, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, To- 
ronto, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, 
Wooster. 

Kappa Alpha Theta has 28 college chapters and 13 
alumnae associations. The total membership is 3700, the 
active membership 400, the average initiation 150. The 
badge is a shield, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, 
which is slightly raised, of black enamel. In the middle on 
a band of white are the society's initials in gold. Above 
are two stars set with diamonds and below in Greek the 
date of founding. There is no uniform pledge pin, an 
enamelled pansy, or a gold monogram of the letters Kappa 
Alpha Theta being used. The sorority has no national 
flag. 

Colors-Black and Gold. Flower-Black and Gold 
Pansy. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Stars, 
Keys, Scythe, Torch and Ermine. Patron-None. Call- 
None. 

Magazine-Kappa Alpha Theta-1885. 

Next Convention-Place not decided, July, 1909. 

KAPPA DELTA. 

October 2y, 1897. 
Grand Chapter. 
Anna C. Paxton, Buena Vista, Va. 



Literary Sororities. 79 

Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 
Pauline Embree, Buena Vista, Va. 

* * * 
Editor, Katherine Lovejoy, Marietta, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 

Alabama, Columbia College (S. C), Fairmont Seminary, 
Florida, Gunston Seminary, Hollins Institute, Judson Col- 
lege, Randolph-Macon, St. Mary's School, Virginia Nor- 
mal. 

Kappa Delta "has 10 chapters, but no alumnae associ- 
ations. The total membership is 400, the active member- 
ship 160, the average initiation 80. The diamond-shaped 
badge displays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the 
letters A. O. T. in gold on a background of black enamel. 
The pledge pin is an open equilateral triangle of gold su- 
perimposed upon a dagger, straight lines connecting the 
centre of the base with the centre of each side. The flag 
is pennant shfaped, bearing the Greek letters Kappa Delta 
in olive green on a background of white. 

Colors-Olive Green and W'hite. Flower-White Rose. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-We Seek the Highest. Insig- 
nia-Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Dagger, Snake. Patron- 
None. Call-None. 

Magazine- Angelos- 1 904. 

Next Convention-Place undecided, 1908. 



8o LITERARY Sororities. 

KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA. 

October 13, 1870. 
Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. William W. Canby, Galice, Ore. 
Secretary, George Challoner, 456 New York Ave., Osh- 

kosh, Wis. 
Treasurer, Mrs. George V. Lawry, Victoria, B. C. 
Registrar, Edith Stoner, 1529 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, 

Mo. 

* * * 
Editor, Mrs. Frederick W. Potter, 758 Tenth St., Oakland, 

Cal. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelphi, Adrian, Allegheny, Barnard, Boston, Buchtel, 
Butler, California, Colorado, Cornell, DePauw, Hillsdale, 
Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mich- 
igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, North- 
western, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Stanford, Swarthmore, 
Syracuse, Texas, Washington State, West Virginia, Wis- 
consin, Wooster. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma has 33 college chapters and 32 
alumnae associations. The total membership is about 
4900, the active membership about 500, the average initia- 
tion 200. The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials 
and the date of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a 



Literary Sororities. 8i 

Delta of dark or light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in 
flight or dark enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Light and Dark Blue. Flower-Fleur de Lis. 
Jewel-Sapphire. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Owl. Patron- 
Athena. Call-Hai Korai Athenes. 

Magazine-The Key- 1882. 

Next Convention-Place not decided, Aug. 26, 1908. 

PI BETA PHI. 

April 28, 1867. 

Grand Council. 

President, Elizabeth Gamble, 565 Cass Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
Vice-President, Mrs. May C. Reynolds, Fostoria, O. 
Secretary, Elda L. Smith, 710 S. 6th St., Springfield, 111. 
Treasurer, Martha N. Kimball, University Park, Denver. 
-Editor, Florence P. Robinson, 543 Marshall St., Mil- 
waukee. 

Chapter Roll. 

Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bucknell, Butler, California, 
Colorado, Denver, Dickinson, Franklin, George Washing- 
ton, Hillsdale, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa College, Iowa 
Wesleyan, Kansas, Knox, Lombard, Michigan, Middle- 
bury, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Newcomb, North- 
western, Ohio State, Ohio, Simpson, Stanford, Swarth- 



82 Literary Sororities. 

more, Syracuse, Texas, Vermont, Washington State^ 
Washington, Wisconsin. 

Pi Beta Phi has 38 college chapters and 35 alumnae^ 
organizations. The total membership is 4800, the active 
membersihip 900, the average initiation 250. The badge is 
an arrow about an inch in length, bearing upon the feath- 
ers the Greek letters of the society's name. There is na 
official pledge pin, the letters Pi Beta Phi or I. C. being 
used for the purpose, the latter being the initial letters of 
the Latin motto that gave the society its first name. The 
flag is an oblong with lower edge indented. Connecting 
the opposite corners are curved lines which divide the field 
into three parts. The central portion is of silver blue bear- 
ing in its upper part a monogram of the letters I and C 
surrounded by a halo and below this a monogram of the. 
letters Pi Beta Phi. The lower point is apparently pierced 
by a gold arrow which overlaps the lateral sections of wine 
red. 

Colors-Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower-Dark Red 
Carnation. Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia- 
Arrow. Patron-None. Call-Ring Ching Ching! Ho Hippl 
Hi ! Ra Ro Arrow ! Pi Beta Phi ! 

Magazine-The Arrow-1885. 

Next Convention-New Orleans, Dec. 24-31, 1907. 



Literary Sororities. 83 

SIGMA KAPPA. 

November, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Sarah B. Matthews, Vineyard Haven, Mass. 

"Vice-President, Hila H. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somer- 
ville, Mass. 

Secretary, Alice M. Purington, Waterville, Me. 

Treasurer, Mrs. C. B. Kimball, 268 Washington St., Dor- 
chester, Mass. 

Ch. Ex. Com., Nina C. Howard, Appleton, N. Y. 

lEditor, Grace A. Small, 232 Highland Ave., Somerville, 
Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 

Boston, Colby, George Washington, Illinois, Illinois Wes- 
leyan, Syracuse. 

Sigma Kappa has 6 college chapters, and 3 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 450, the active 
members'hip 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is 
an equilateral triangle of gold fretwork, surrounding a 
raised triangle of maroon-colored enamel with the Greek 
letters Sigma Kappa in gold. The pledge pin is a gold 
monogram of the letters Sigma and Kappa. The sorority 
has no national flag. 



84 Literary Sororities. 

Colors-Maroon and Lavender. Flower- Violet. Jew- 
el-None. Open Motto-One Heart, One Way. Insignia- 
Dove and Serpent. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Sigma Kappa Triangle- 1907. 

Next Convention-Syracuse, N. Y., April, 1908. 

SIGMA SIGMA SIGMA. 

April 20, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Rhea C. Scott, Ashland, Va. 
V ice-President, Harriet Wysor, Pulaski, Va. 
Rec. Secretary, Emma H. Moffet, Lebanon, Ky. 
Cor. Secretary, Will L. Alexander, Searcy, Ark. 
Treasurer, Harriet Hankins, Williamsburg, Va, 
Editor, Lucy T. C. Stubbs, Williamsburg, Va. 

Chapter Roll. 

Hollins Institute, Lewisburg Institute, Nashville, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, Searcy Institute, Southwestern, Woman's 
College (Frederick, Md.) Virginia Normal. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma has 8 chapters and 2 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 300, the active 
membership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is 
an equilateral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner 
portion of black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and 



Literary Sororities. 85 

a skull and cross-bones in the centre. The pledge pin is 
the Greek letter Alpha. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors-Purple and White. Flower- Violet. Jewel- 
None. Open Motto-Faithful Unto Death. Insignia-Skull, 
Cross-Bones. Patron-None. 

Magazine-The Triangle- 1905. 

Next Convention-Norfolk, Aug. 29-31, 1907. 

ZETA TAU ALPHA. 

October 25, 1898. 
Grand Chapter. 

President, Mrs. Wm. Emrys Davis, Jellico, Tenn. 
Vice-President, Mary C. Stuart, Cleveland, Tenn. 
Secretary, May A. Hopkins, Austin, Tex. 
Treasurer, Mrs. John T. Bradley, Jellico, Tenn. 
Historian, Olive Hinman, 562 Walnut St., Columbia, Pa. 
Editor, Grace Jordan, Forrest City, Ark. 

Chapter Roll. 

Arkansas, Bethany, Judson College, Randolph-Macon, 
Richmond, Southwestern, Tennessee, Texas. 

Zeta Tau Alpha has 8 college chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is 400, the active mem- 
bership 150, the average initiation 75. The badge, an 
artistically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre. 



86 Literary Sororities. 

flanked by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the 
word Themis. The pledge pin is a five-pointed crown with 
the letters Z. T. A. raised or engraved. The sorority has 
no national flag. 

Colors-Turquoise and Gray. Flower-White Violet. 
Jewel-None. Open Motto-None. Insignia-I, Crown, Bal- 
ance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive 
Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron-Themis. 
Call-None. 

Magazine-Themis-1903. 

Next Convention-Fayetteville, Ark., June 14-16, 1908. 



CLASS B. 

ALPHA KAPPA PSI. 

March i, 1900. 
Chapter Roll. 

Fairmont School, St. Mary's School, Virginia Female In- 
stitute, Wesleyan College. 

Alpha Kappa Psi has 4 chapters, but no alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 100, the active 
membership 50, the average initiation 25. The badge is 
an equilateral triangle of black enamel, bearing in the 



Literary Sororities. Sy 

angles the Greek letters. The pledge pin is a silver tri- 
nant with the letters in wedgewood blue and gold. 

Colors-Wedgewood Blue and Gold. Flower-Forget- 
me-not. Insignia-Skull and Cross-Bones. 

ALPHA SIGMA ALPHA. 

November 15, 1902. 
Chapter Roll. 

Columbia (S. C.) College, Fairmont Seminary, Lewisburg 
Female Institute, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Virginia 
Normal, Ward's Seminary. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha has 6 chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
bership 60, the average initiation 30. The badge is a 
four-cornered shield with concave sides outlined with 
pearls. The inner of black enamel is slightly raised and 
bears the Greek letters of the society's name in gold across 
one diagonal. Above the Sigma is a gold crown and 
beneath it a gold star. The sorority has no pledge pin. 
The flag is a pennant half of garnet and *half of gray, the 
letters made up of two colors, the upper half gray against 
the garnet background and the lower half garnet against 
the gray. 

Colors-Garnet and Gray. Flower-Carnation. Jewel- 



88 Literary Sororities. 

Sapphire. Open Motto-To One Another Ever Faithful. 
Inisgnia-Star, Crown. Patron-Minerva. 

Magazine-Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine-1906. 

BETA SIGMA OMICRON. 

December 12, 1888. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mary L. Lackland, "Fairview," Mexico, Mo. 
Vice-President, Marian Bigler, Clearfield, Pa. 
Secretary, Bernice Stall, 11 E. Grace St., Richmond, Va. 
Treasurer, Emma L. Newman, Abbeville, Ala. 
Historian, Erna Watson, Fulton, Mo. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont College, Fairmont Seminary, Hamilton College, 
Hardin College, Mary Baldwin Seminary, Potter College, 
Stephens College, Synodical College, Virginia College. 

Beta Sigma Omicron has 9 (Chapters but no alumnae 
asociations. The total membership is 450, the active mem- 
bership 148, the average initiation 70. The badge is a 
gold monogram of the three Greek letters, the Beta inside 
the Omicron and the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon 
the Omicron. The pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel 
with a gold star in each corner and a Grecian lamp in the 
centre. The flag is composed of three horizontal bars, the 



Literary Sororities. 89 

centre one red and the two outside pink. The Greek letters 
of the society's name are in red on the upper pink bar. 
On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The oificial 
banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with a 
pink centre. The sorority's letters lare in pink and are 
placed in the corners. The date of founding, 1888 is in 
red in the centre of the pink field. 

Colors-Ruby and Pink. Flower-Red Carnation. Jew- 
el-Ruby. Open Motto-"We Live to do Good." Insignia- 
Stars, Covenant, Lamp, Laurel. Patron-None. 

Miagazine-The Beta Sigma Omicron-1905. 

Next Convention-Nashville, Tenn., June, 1908. 

GAMMA BETA SIGMA. 

November 3, 1900. 

Chapter Roll. 

Columbia Institute, Edgewood School, St. Mary's School. 

Gamma Beta Sigma has 3 chapters but no alumnae 
associations. The badge is a seven-pointed star inclosed 
within a regular hectagon. The society has no pledge pin. 
The flag is a pennant in the society's colors bearing a 
facsimile of the badge. 

Colors-Purple and Gold. Flower- Violet. Insignia- 
Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Seven-pointed Star, Black 
Cat. 



90 Literary Sororities. 

PHI MU. 

1852. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Louise Manning, Macon, Ga. 
Vice-President, Lillian H. Farmer, Florence, S. C. 
Secretary, Bonito L. Hinton, 1407 First St., New Orleans. 
Editor, Mfaybelk G. Jones, Cartersville, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 

Belmont College, Chevy Chase School, Hardin College, 
Hollins Institute, Newcomb, Salem College, St. Mary^s 
School, Wesleyan College. 

Phi Mu has 8 chapters, but no alumnae associations. 
The total membership is 1000, the active membership 100, 
the average initiation 40. The badge is an oddly shaped 
shield of black enamel displaying in the centre a hand hold- 
ing a heart. Above is a ribbon of gold bearing the sorori- 
ty's letters and below another bearing three stars. The 
pledge pin is of the same shape, but is of plain gold and 
displays only the letters. The flag is of old rose with 
white lettering. 

Colors-Old Rose and White. Flower-Pink and White 
Carnation. Jewels-Ruby and Pearl. Open Motto-Les 
Soeurs Fideles. Insignia-Heart, Hand, Stars, Lamp, Lions. 

Magazine-Phi Mu Aglaia-1907. 

Nexl Convention-Macon, Ga., June, 1908. 



Literary Sororities. 91 

PHI MU GAMMA. 
October 17, 1898. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Phoebe Hunter, Hollins, Va. 
Secretary, Edith McFall, Charleston, S. C. 
Treasurer, Telete Scott, Canton, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brenau College, Hollins Institute, Judson College, Miss 
Graham's School, The Veltin School. 

Phi Mu Gamma has 5 chapters but no alumnae as- 
sociation. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
bership 60, the average initiation 25. The badge consists 
of three graduated shields superimposed one above the 
other. The largest is of gold and is set with pearls and 
turquoise. Upon this rests a shield of black enamel and 
upon the latter another of gold, bearing the Greek letters 
of the society's name in black enamel. The pledge pin is 
a bar of gold, either plain or jewelled, bearing the same 
three letters in black enamel. The flag is an elongated 
triangle of turquoise blue with black letters. 

Colors-Turquoise Blue and Black. Flower-Forget- 
me-not. Jewel-Pearl. Open Motto-Know Thyself. In- 
signia-Shield, Skull, Cross-Bones. Patron-Diana. 

Next Convention-New York, Easter- 1908. 



MUSICAL SORORITIES. 

The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded 
at DePauw University in 1885 under the special patronage 
of Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean 
Howe believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these 
organizations that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establish- 
ment of a second similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. 
Alpha Chi Omega has always been most progressive and 
has grown rapidly. In 1903 it made a striking change m 
its policy, for instead of confining itself strictly to the 
colleges of music affiliated with the institutions where 
its chapters were located, it admitted such students from 
the liberal arts departments as were taking courses in 
music. By becoming Musical-Literary, as it is now called, 
it competes with the academic sororities and in conse- 
quence has been admitted to the Inter-Sorority Confer- 
ence. 

Phi Mu Epsilon remained a local for ten years, es- 
tablishing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its 
badge was a harp with three strings across which ran a 
ribbon of black enamel bearing the sorority*s initials in 
gold. Its colors were lavender and white, its flower the 
white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, 



Musical Sororities. 93 

wihich was founded in 1903 at the Metropolitan College of 
Music located at Cincinnati by Dean W. S. Sterling, Eliz- 
abeth Mathias of the faculty and Calvin Vos, lawyer and 
member of Sinfomia land Phi Delta Theta fraternities. 

The musical sorority always labors under the disad- 
vantage of drawing its material from a department where 
the average student remains only two years. Its influence, 
however, is very potent in holding its members to high 
standards of work along their chosen line. 

MU PHI EPSILON. 

November 13, 1903. 
Governing Council. 

President, S. Elizabeth Mathias, Metropolitan College of 

Music, Cincinnati. 
Vice-President, Norma Aleck, Syracuse University. 
Secretary, Mrs. Or^h A. Lamke, Kroeger School of Music, 

St. Louis. 
Treasurer, Elfrida Langlois, Wyandotte, Mich. 
Historian, Nellie Brown, 715 Lawrence; Ave., Ann Arbor. 

Chapter Roll. 

Chicago Conservatory, DePauw, Detroit Conservatory, 
Metropolitan Colleges of Music (Cincinnati and Indianap- 



94 Musical Sororities. 

olis), Michigan, New England Conservatory, St. Louis 
Conservatory, Syracuse, Toledo Conservatory. 

Mu Phi Epsilon has lo chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. 
The total membership is 450, the active membership 125,.. 
the average initiation 75. The badge consists of a jewelled 
triangle bearing the Greek Letters in the angles and sup- 
porting another of black enamel ornamented with a lyre iir 
gold. The pledge pin and flag have not been adopted yet. 

Colors-Royal Purple and White. Flower- Violet. 
Jewel-Amethyst. Open Motto-None. Insignia-Lyre and 
Triangle. Patron-None. 

Magazine-Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book-1905. 

Next Convention-Place Undecided, May, 1908. 

SIGMA ALPHA IOTA. 

June 12, 1903. 

Grand Officers. 

President, Edna O. Lowry, 237 S. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor. 
Vice-President, Mrs. Ida F. Norton, Detroit. 
Secretary, Minnie Davis, 325 E. Liberty St., Ann Arbor. 

Chapter Roll. 

American Conservatory (Chicago), Detroit Conservatory, 
Michigan, Northwestern. 

Sigma Alpha Iota has 4 chapters and i alumnae club 
The total membership is 100, the active membership 40, 



MEDICAL SORORITIES. 95 

Uhe average initiation 20. The badge consists of seven 
^old Pan pipes surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing 
the sorority's initials in gold on black enamel. The society 
has no pledge pin and no flag. 

Colors-Red and White. Flower-Red Rose. Jewel- 
Pearl. Open Motto- Vita Brevis, Ars Longa. Insignia- 
Pan Pipes, Ellipse. Patron-None. 

Next Convention-Evanston, 111., May, 1908. 

MEDICAL SORORITIES. 

The medical sororities are not numerous, for the num- 
her of women students enrolled in the medical schools is 
5till comparatively small. Opportunities for professional 
training along this special line are not lacking, as may be 
seen by a glance at the rolls of sororities listed under this 
head, but it is the liberal education that seems to appeal 
to the majority of girls who continue their studies beyond 
the secondary school. 

The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota, 
founded in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and 
at present has only one, Zeta Phi, for Epsilon Tau is 
confined to schools of homeopathy. 

ALPHA EPSILON IOTA. 

February 26, 1890. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Dr. Romilda Paroni, West Philadelphia Hos- 



96 Musical Sororities. 

pital for Women and Children. 
Secretary, Luvia Willard, Ithaca, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Dr. Grace F. Hagians, 71 E. 50th St., Chicago. 

Chapter Roll. 

California, Chicago, Cooper, Cornell, Illinois, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Southern California, Women's Med. Col. of" 
Penn. 

Alpha Epsilon Iota has 9 chapters. The total member- 
ship is 400, the active membership 100, the average initia- 
tion 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of black enamel 
with the letters of the society's name in the three lowest 
angles. Above is sa serpent's head. 

Colors-Black, White and Green. Flower-White Car- 
nation. 

Next Convention-Ann Arbor, Nov. 29-30, 1907. 

EPSILON TAU. 

November 4, 1898. 

Chapter Roll. 

Boston, Chicago Hahnemann, New York Woman's. 

Colors-Fern Green and White. Flower-White Car-- 
nation. 



MEDICAL Sororities. 79 

ZETA PHI. 

May 29, 1900. 
Chapter Roll. 

Johns Hopis^ins, Syracuse, Women's Med. Coi. of Penn. 

The total membership is 100, the active membership 
25, the average initiation 10. The badge is a quatrefoil of 
black enamel, bearing a cadeceus with wings and rod in 
white and serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi 
appear in white to left and right of the caduceus. 

Colors-Black, White and Gold. Flower-Daisy. 



NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. 
PI BETA PHI. 

Monmouth College 1867-84, DePauw University 1868- 
68, South Iowa Normal School 1881-87, Carthage College 
1882-88, York College 1884-88, Callanan College 1886-89. 
Hastings College 1887-87. 

KAPPA ALPHA THETA. 

Moore's Hill College 1871-74, Illinois Wesleyan Uni- 
versity 1875-95, Ohio University 1876-86, Simpson College 
1879-91, Ohio Wesleyan University 1 881 -81, Hanover Col- 
lege 1882-99, Wesleyan University 1883-87, Unievrsity of 
Southern California 1887-95, University of the Pacific 1889- 
90. 

KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA. 

Monmouth College 1870-84, St. Mary's School (Knox- 
ville, 111.) 1871-74, Smithson College 1872-75, Rockford 
Seminary 1874-76, Franklin College 1879-84, Simpson Col- 
lege 1880-90, Ohio Wesleyan University 1880-84, St. Law- 
rence University 1881-98, L'assell Seminary 1881-82, Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati 1885-85. 



Necrology of Chapters 99 

DELTA GAMMA. 

Warren Female Institute* 1874-89, Water Valley Sem- 
inary 1876-80, Peabody High School, Fairmount, Tenn., 
1877-?, Bolivar College 1878-?, Franklin College 1878-?, 
Hanover College 1881-?, Fulton, Mo. Synodical College 
1882-?, St. Lawrence University 1883-86, Adelbert College 
1883-88, University of Southern California 1887-97. 

(Where dates are missing it indicates that the sorority's 
records are incomplete on these points. All such chapters were short 
lived, probably not more than two years or so.) 

•Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford (Miss.) Female 
Institute. 

ALPHA CHI OMEGA. 

Bucknell University, 1898-99. 

DELTA DELTA DELTA. 

University of Michigan, 1894-1900. 

CHI OMEGA. 

Jessamine Female Institute, 1898- 1902, Helhiruth 
Woman's College, 1899-1900, Belmont College, 1899-1903. 

ZETA TAU ALPHA. 

Virginia Normal School, 1898-1906, Hannah Moore* 
Academy, 1900-04, Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904-06. 



100 Necrology of Chapters 

L -^i BETA SIGMA OMICRON. 

* Christian College, 1888-94 Missouri Valley College, 
1892-93, Sedalia, Mo., High School, 1898-1906, Pueblo, 
Colo., High School, 1902-06. 

This college is located at Columbia, Mo., and the chapter 
roll iticluded some who were students at the University of 
Missouri during these years. 

ALPHA SIGMA ALPHA. 

Fauquier Institute, i90g-o6. 



HONORARY SOCIETIES. 

The national honorary Greek-Letter societies number 
five, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta 
Pi and Alpha Omega Alpha. Phi Beta Kappa was origin- 
ally a secret fraternity, in practically all respects like those 
©f the present time, but owing to force of circumstances, 
its secrets became known and it gradually assumed a new 
character. The three others, all founded within the last 
twenty years, were copied directly from Phi Beta Kappa 
with such changes as special needs demanded. 

Phi Beta Kappa stands for a liberal culture as repre- 
sented by the humanities, Sigma Xi Seeks to exalt 
scientific studies to a place of honor among the humani- 
ties. Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any 
department of collegiate education, Tau Beta Pi, the only 
honorary society to exclude women, is similar in character 
to Sigma Xi and some steps have been taken to effect a 
union of the two in the hopes that the advancement of 
higher scientific education may receive an even greater 
impulse than that given by both working independently. 
Alpha Omega Alpha is a medical society. Its object is 
high scholarship, honorably acquired and honestly em- 
ployed. 



102 Honorary Societies. 

PHI BETA KAPPA. 

Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the 
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., on 
December 5, 1776. Its avowed purpose was "A happy 
spirit and resolution of attaining the important ends of 
society". With this aim in view much attention was given 
to essays and debates with an occasional banquet as an 
outlet for the youthful spirits of the members. The so- 
ciety was essentially secret, had a most binding oath of 
fidelity and a peculiar token of saluation. The original 
records give no clue to the source from which came the 
inspiration to form this secret Greek-Letter society, but 
the philosophical clubs then so common among the stu- 
dents at French and German universities may have led 
the founders to establish an organization that should 
stand for good fellow^ship. Then, too, the stirring times 
in which they lived, the burning oratory of Virginia patri- 
ots, the very Declaration of Independence itself, doubtless 
suggested the value of a united brotherhood. 

Early provision was made for placing branches else- 
where, for the organizers believed it was "Repugnant to 
the liberal principles of Societies that they should be con- 
fined to any particular place. Men or Description of Men, 
but that they should be extended to the wise and virtu- 
ous of every degree and of whatever country". There are 
records to show that the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters 
vvere granted, but none to indicate that such chapters 



Honorary Societies 103 

ever existed. The War of the Revolution may have put 
an end to them as it did to the parent chapter. On Janu- 
ary third, 1781, the British fleet appeared off the coast 
and three days later the last meeting was held. It is in- 
teresting to learn from history that nearly all of the fifty 
members enlisted in the Continental Afmy, that seventeen 
served in the state legislature, that eight were members of 
the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, 
that two became United States Senators and five Repre- 
sentatives, that many of the others were famous men in 
their day. 

No attempt was made to revive the chapter at William 
and Mary jintil 1849, t>ut the reorganized society had ex- 
isted for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War 
broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the 
mother chapter is now in a vigorous condition and likely 
to remain so for many a year. The suspension of meet- 
ings in 1 781 would in all probability have rung the death- 
knell of this most interesting organization had it not been 
for the fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmale, Harvard, 
'79, went to Williamsburg for postgraduate work. Such 
an idea seems strange today, but in Colonial times 
William and Mary was the richest as well as the most 
thoroughly English of the colleges. Its Chancellors were 
the Bishops of London, its presidents their representatives. 
As the most prosperous college in the colonies it doubtless 
offered unusual opportunities along some lines. Mr. Par- 
male was initiated on July 31, 1779, and being strongly 



104 HONORARY SOCrETIES. 

impressed with the possibilities for future growth, he 
asked for permission to establish branches at Harvard 
and Yale. The charters were called the Alpha of Massa- 
chusetts Bay and the Alpha of Connecticut. Six years 
later these two chapters granted a chapter to Dartmouth 
and for thirty years these colleges constituted the roll. 

When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry was 
arousing all New England, John Quincy Adams, Judge 
Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Har- 
vard chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was 
sent to the Yale chapter to secure acquiescence. The 
records say that **He touchingly set forth that the stu- 
dents of Harvard had such conscientious scruples as to 
keep them from taking the oath of secrecy and the society 
life was thus endangered. There was stout opposition, 
but the notion prevailed and the missionary returned to 
gladden the tender conscience of the Harvard boys." 

The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 
1817 gave rise to the fraternity system of the present time, 
because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 
1825. The newer organizations with their charm of se- 
crecy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little 
by little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic 
records and honor men alone were elected to membership 
in Phi Beta Kappa, it transpired that the mother of fra- 
ternities lost many of its original characteristics and came 
to stand, as it does today, for a brotherhood of scholars. 
"For nearly half a century," wrote Edward Everett Hale 



HONORARY SOGIETIES. 105 

in 1879, "it was the only society in America that could 
pretend to be devoted to literature and philosophy. And 
it happened, therefore, that in the infant literature of the 
nation some noteworthy steps are marked by orations and 
poems delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa." Among the 
famous men whose names have appeared upon the pro- 
grams of the great public gatherings of the society are 
Adams, Everett, Story, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Phil- 
lips, Webster, Choate, Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and 
Longfellow. The hundredth anniversary was noteworthy 
as suggesting the culmination of a movement that resulted 
in the formation in April of 1877 of an alumni association 
in New York City, known as the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. 
For lildre than a century the custom prevailed of 
requiriilg the consent of all Alpha chapters before a new 
Alpha could be established in a new state, all subsequent 
charter grants in that state being dependent upon the will 
of the Alpha. This most unsatisfactory method of estab- 
lishing new chapters, the impossibility of demanding uni- 
form standards of scholarship, the entire lack of unity in 
a movement that was without definite organization, the ab- 
sence of any system of literary activity, were conditions 
generally deplored, but no attempt was made to evolve a 
national organization until the Harvard chapter celebrated 
its centenary on June 30, 1881, At this time the idea of a 
governing body was suggested and discussed, but no defi- 
nite step taken. At a gathering, however, of delegates 
from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a 



io6 HONORARY Societies. 

resolution was made to recommend a permanent and a 
representative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, 
September 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unan- 
imously adopted a constitution which was eventually rati- 
fied by all the chapters. The organization was known 
henceforth as 'T'he United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa". 

Under the present arrangement all applications for 
charters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty 
prominent members of national reputation, who hold their 
office for six years. The charter grants depend to a large 
extent upon the recommendations of these men, but the 
final decision is made at the Triennial Convention, for no 
charters are issued without the consent of delegations 
representing a majority of chapters. Since the new consti- 
tution went into effect, the society has given evidence of 
greatly increased vigor. Eight triennial conventions have 
been held and thirty-nine charter grants have been made. 
Much has been done also to bring out the unification of 
the chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such 
institutions as grant the A. B. degree in regular course are 
eligible to charters and no chapter is expected to elect to 
membership more than one-fourth of the graduating class. 
The recent movement to gather valuable historical data 
and to publish periodical literature is a most important one. 

Women were first admitted to membership about the 
year 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. 
The Cornell chapter has never made any sex distinction 
since its organization in 1882. The number of women on 



HONORARY Societies. 107 

the rolls, however, was very small up to the year 1890, for 
until that time few chapters existed at colleges open to 
them. The decision of the past two conventions to grant 
charters to independent colleges for women indicates 
that Phi Beta Kappa is well on the road to becoming 
truly representative of the highest scholarship in the 
United States. 

SIGMA XI. 

The society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, 
was founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a 
few earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing 
to an unfortunate laxity in keeping early records, the 
exact date of organization is not known. 

The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, 
Spoudon Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to 
encourage original investigation in science, pure and ap- 
plied, and to secure for scientific studies a place of honor 
among the humanities of a liberal culture. 

Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of 
the society to promote, provided that these courses are 
substantially equivalent to the usual four years college 
course. The active membership is composed of resi- 
dent professors, instructors, graduate students and sen- 
iors. The last may never be more than one-fifth of the 
class. No distinction on account of sex has ever been 
made. 



io8 Honorary Societies. 

Provision has also been made for alumni chapter^, 
which may be established anywhere upon the application 
of five members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters 
have the right of suffrage at the convention and may elect 
to membership graduates of other institutions of learning 
at which the society has no chapters. 

PHI KAPPA PHI. 

Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of 
Maine, July 14, 1897. The motto means "The Love of 
Learning Rules the World" and the aim of the incorpora- 
tors was ''to provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity 
and Democracy of Education and open to honor graduates 
of all departments of American Universities and Colleges". 
All candidates for a baccalaureate or higher degree, with- 
out distinction as to sex, are eligible to membership in 
their senior year, provided their scholarship entitles them 
to rank in the first third of the class. 

All applications for charters must be made to the 
Board of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee 
composed of the president general, the secretary general 
and three others. These five men have the power to in- 
vestigate all applications and to make all charter grants. 
Active chapters may be estabHshed at universities and col- 
leges ''of good standing". Alumni chapters have as many 
votes in the convention as the active chapters, but have 
never received the right to elect new members to the 
fraternity. 



HONORARY SOCIETIES. 109 

ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA. 

Alpha Omega Alpha was founded at the Medical 
School of the University of Illinois, August 25, 1902. 
Chapters are limited to medical schools of the highest 
standing, and the membership may at no time exceed one- 
sixth of the graduating class. The constitution empowered 
the fraternity from the first to admit women. The motto 
means, "To be worthy to serve the suffering". 

PHI BETA KAPPA. 

December 5, 1776. 
Officers. 

President, Hon. John A. DeRemer, LL. D., Schenectady, 

N. Y. 
Vice-President, Rev. Eben B. Parsons, D. D., Williams- 
town, Mass. 
Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, High 

Bridge, N. J. 

Chapter Roll. 

Adelbert, Allegheney, Amherst, Baltimore, Boston, Bow- 
doin. Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Chicago, Cincinnati,. 
Colby, Colgate, Colorado, Colorado College, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Hamilton, Har- 
vard, Haverford, Hobart, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, 
Kenyon, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Michigan, Middle- 



HONORARY Societies. no 

bury, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke, Nebraska, New 
York, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
Princeton, Rochester, Rutgers, Smith, Stanford, St. Law- 
rence, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Tufts, Union, Van- 
derbilt, Vassar, Vermont, Wabash, Wellesley, Wesleyan, 
William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin, Yale. 

The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing 
on one side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek 
letters of the society's name. Early in the northern history 
of the order the familiar watch key pattern of the present 
day was adopted. On one side are the Greek letters, 
which stand for the words Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, 
Philosophy the Guide of Life, and a hand pointing to one 
or more stars. The reverse bears the letters S. P. which 
means Societas Philosophica, the owner's name, college 
and class. The date of founding, December 5, 1776, ap- 
pears on either side as taste dictates. Sometimes the S 
and P are arranged in a monogram, again side by side 
within a laurel wreath. There is no general rule governing 
the number of stars. The original number was three. 
Seven appeal to many chapters as the symbol of complete- 
ness, but certain states prefer to have each new branch 
add a star to the constellation. The number varies greatly 
from the single star used by the chapter at the University 



HONORARY Societies. hi 

of Colorado to the ten required by the one at Rutgers 
College. 

Original Colors-Green and Pink. 

(Never formally adopted by the United Chapters.) 

Next Convention-Williamsburg, Va., Sept. 12, 1907. 

SIGMA XI. 

November, 1886. 

Officers. 

President, Edward L. Nichols, Ph. D., Cornell University. 
Vice-President, Thomas H. Macbride, Ph. D., Iowa State 

University. 
Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of 

Nebraska. 
Treasurer, Lucien M. Underwood, Ph. D., Columbia 

University. 

Chapter Roll. 

Brown, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
Cornell, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Min- 
nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, 
Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Stanford, Syracuse, Union, 
Washington State, Wisconsin, Yale. 

The badge is a gold key bearing a monogram of the 
Sigma and Xi in black enmael. The seal is a laurel 
wreath surrounding ten stars and a lamp of research. 



ii2 HONORARY Societies. 

Golors-Electric Blue and White. 

Next Convention-Chicago, Dec. 27-31, 1907. 

PHI KAPPA PHI. ^ 

July 14, 1897. 

Officers. 

President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M. S., Amherst, Mass. 
Registrar, James S. Stevens, M. S., LL. D., Orono, Me. 
Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M. A., D. D., State College, Pa. 
Board of Regents, Chas. W. Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., 
Cincinnati. George E. Stone, Amherst, Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 

Delaware, Maine, Mass. Agricultural, Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, Tennessee. 

The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or 
medal, is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa 
Phi and surrounded by the rays of the sun arranged in 
eight groups. The seal is a facsimile of the badge sur- 
rounded by a circle, above which is a row of stars to in- 
dicate the number of chapters, and below the words, 
"Founded 1897". The ribbon of the fraternity is white 
bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the walls 
of Troy. The gown is of black with the ribbon on the front 
edge of the sleeves. 



HONORARY SODIETIES. II3 

Colors-Black and White. 

Next Convention-Place not decided, Sept., 1908. 

ALPHA OMEGA ALPHA. 

August 25, 1902. 
Officers. 

President, Winfield S. Hall, M. D., Northwestern Uni- 
versity Medical School. 

Vice-resident, Walter B. Cannon, M. D., Harvard 
Medictal School. 

Secretary-Treasurer, William W. Root, M. D., Parker, 
Ind. 

Chapter Roll. 
California, Chicago, Harvard, Illinois, Jefferson, Johns 
Hopkins, Northwestern, Pennsylvania, Toronto, Washing- 
ton, Western Reserve. 

The badge is a watch key bearing the society's let- 
4:ers and the year of founding. 

Next Convention-Time and place undecided. 



THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE ALUMNAE^ 

November, 1881. 

General Officers. 

President, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, 3125 Lafayette Ave., St.- 

Louis, Mo. 
Secretary, Sophonisba P. Breckenbridge, University or 

Chicago. 
Treasurer, Mrs. Elizabeth L. Clarke, Williamstown, Mass^. 

Roll. 

Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, California, Chicago, Cornells- 
Illinois, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota,. 
Missouri, Nebraska Northwestern, Oberlin, Radcliffe,. 
Smith, Stanford, Syracuse, Vassar, Wellesley, Wesleyan^ 
Western Reserve, Wisconsin. 

Branches. 

Albany, Ann Arbor, Binghampton, Boston, Charlottes- 
ville, Chicago, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Des Moines,.. 
Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lincoln, 
Milwaukee, New Haven, New York, Norfolk, Philadel- 
phia, Pittsburg, Portland (Ore.), Providence, San Fran- 
cisco, Seattle, St. Louis, St. Paul, Syracuse, Urbana (Ill.)>- 
Washington. 

Next Annual Meeting-Boston, November 7-9, 1907^ 



SOUTHERN ASOCIATION OF COLLEGE WOMEN. 

• July, 1903. 
Officers. 

^President, Lillian W. Johnson, Western College for Wom- 
an, Oxford, O. 

A^ice-Presidents, Celeste S. Parrish, Normal School, 
Athens, Ga. Emilie W. McVea, University of Cin- 
cinnati. Imogene Stone, Newcomb College. 

■Secretary and Treasurer, Beall Martin, 36 East North 
Ave., Atlanta, Ga. 

Roll. 

Alabama, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, 
California, Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Illinois, 
Kansas, Leland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Inst, Technology, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwest- 
ern, Newcomb, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, 
Smith, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Vanderbilt, Vassar, 
Wellesley, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, 
Wisconsin. 

Chapters. 

..Asheville, Atlanta, Birmingham, Knoxville, Lexington, 
-Montgomery, Nashville, New Orleans, Oxford. 

Annual Meeting-New Orleans, Dec. 28-31, 1907. 



STATISTICAL DATA. 

Coeducational Colleges. 

With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates- 
College, which are opposed to fraternity life in any fornix., 
and Ohio Wesleyan University and Colorado College,, 
which admit fraternities but forbid even local societies- 
among the women, there are practically no prominent 
coeducational colleges closed to sororities. The sixty- 
six institutions in the following list, to be sure, make 
up only one-fifth of the entire number of coeducational 
colleges mentioned by the United States Commissioner 
of Education, but of the other four-fifths many are so far 
from attaining the standards set by the best colleges that 
the sororities are not ready to recognize them. Others 
that are of high grade have such a limited enrolment o£ 
women that sorority chapters seem unfeasible. 

ADEPHI COLLEGE. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; 
Valuation* $750,000; Endowment $113,000; Faculty 30^ 
Men 19, Women 11; Students 491, Men 69,, Women 422;:, 



Statistical Data. 117 

Tuition $i8o; Expenses§ $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., 
B. S. 

Motto-The truth shall make us free. Colors-Brown and Gold. 
Sororities-1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Kappa Alpha 
Theta. 

*Crrounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 

gAverage annual cost to students in addition to tuition. 

ADRIAN COLLEGE. 

Adrian, Mich. 

Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admit- 
ted 1859; Valuation $225,000; Endowment $80,000; Fac- 
ulty 15, Men 9, Women 6; Students 175, Men 90, Women 
85; Tuition $15; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., 
Ph. B., B. L., B. M., M. A., M. S., Ph. M. 

Motto-Let the truth shine. Colors-Canary and Black. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta Delta 
Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA. 

University, Ala. 

State ; Opened 1831 ; Women admitted 1893 ; Valua- 
tion $350,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 56; Stud- 
ents 471, Men 431, Women 40; Tution Free; Expenses 
$150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., C. E., M. E., M. 

D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and White. 

Sororities-1904, Kappa Delta; 1907, Alpha Delta Phi. 



ii8 Statistical Data. 

ALBION COLLEGE. 

Albion, Mich. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened as Seminary 1843; ^^ 
College 1861 ; Women admitted 1843; Valuation $250,000: 
Endowment $280,000; Faculty 26, Men 16, Women 10; 
Students 450, Men 245, Women 205 ; Tution $30 ; Expenses 
$250; Degree B. A. 

Motto-Lux Fiat. Colors-Pink and Green. 

Sororities- 1883, Delta Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta, Al- 
pha Chi Omega. 

ALLEGHENY COLLEGE. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 181 5; Women admitted 
1872; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 
17, Men 14, Women 3; Students 26S, Men 190, Women 78; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1891, Alpha Chi Omega. 

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS. 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

State ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted in 1871 ; Valua- 
tion $1,000,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 62, Men 50, 



Statistical Data. 119 

Women 12; Students 1200, Men 800, Women 400; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M. S., 
M. A., M. E., E. E., B. Mus. 
Motto-None. Color-Cardinal 
Sororities-1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

BAKER UNIVERSITY. 

Baldwin, Kan. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1858 ; Women admitted 
1858; Valuation $225,000; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 
40, Men 25, Women 15; Students 1000, Men 530, Women 
470; Tuition $40; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
B. S., B. L., B. Pd., A. M. 

Motto-Let him first be a man. Color-Cadmium. 
Sorority-1895, Delta Delta Delta. 

BETHANY COLLEGE. 

Bethany, W. Va. 

Christian; Opened 1841 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Val- 
uation $200,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 
14, Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, Women 66; Tuition 
$36; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. 

Motto-None. Colors-White and Green. 

Sororities-1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 



120 Statistigal Data. 

BOSTON UNIVERSITY. 

Boston, Mass. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 
1873; Valuation $840,000; Endowment $1,131,586; Faculty 
158, Men 1-54, Women 4; Students 1600, Men 11 19, Wom- 
en 481; Tuition $125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., S. 
B., S. T. B., S. T. D., LL. B., J. B., LL. M. J. M., J. D., 
LL. D., M. D., M. B, Ch. B., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and White. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha Phi; 
1887, Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1904, Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau (Med.) 

BUCHTEL COLLEGE. 

Akron, O. 

Universalist ; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $200,000; Endowment $175,000; Faculty 17, 
Men II, Women 6; Students 241, Men 115, Women 126; 
Tuition $40; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B. 

Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 
Sororities-1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta Gamma. 

BUTLER COLLEGE. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 
Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Val- 



Statistical Data. 121 

uation $300,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 17, Men 
14, Women 3 ; Students 464, Men 236, Women 228 ; Tui- 
tion $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Pi Beta Phi; 
1906, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
tion $3,771,388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 408, 
Men 391, Women 17; Students 3003, Men 1869, Women 
1134; Tuition Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L., 
B. S., M. A. M. S., M. L., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Medi. 
E., M. D., LL B., D. D. S., Pharm. B., Ph. C. 

Motto-Let there he light. Colors-Blue and Gold. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta Delta; 1900, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1901, Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 1907, Alpha Omi- 
cron Pi, Delta Gamma; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

CINCINNATI UNIVERSITY. 

Cincinnati, O. 

City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$3,357,308; Endowment $951,936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 



122 Statistical Data. 

Women 20; Students 1242, Men 930, Women 312; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. 

Motto-Alta Petit. Colors-Scarlet and Black. 
Sorority-1892, Delta Delta Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. 

Boulder, Col. 

State; Opened 1877; Women admitted 1877; Valua- 
tion $700,000; Endowment None; Faculty 112, Men 108, 
Women 4; Students 850, Men 500, Women 350; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., Ph. 
D., C. E., E. E., M. K, M. D., LL. B. 

Motto-Let your light shine. Colors-Silver and Gold. 
Sororities-1885, Delta Gamma; 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Kap- 
pa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega. 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $5,000,000; Endowment $8,000,000; Faculty 517, 
Men 510, Women 7; Students 3523, Men 3112, Women 
411; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., LL. 
B., M. D., D. V. M., C. E., M. E., M. C. E., M. M. E., 
B. S. in Arch., M. S. in Ardh., B. S. in Agr., M. S. in Agr. 

Motto-None. Colors-Carnelian and White. 

Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa 



Statistical Data. 123 

Gamma; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, Alpha Phi; 1903, Alpha Epsil- 
on Iota (Med.) 

UNIVERSITY OF DENVER. 

University Park, Colo. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
1880; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $312,000; Faculty 
177, Men 170, Women 7; Students 11 16, Men 554, Women 
562; Tuition $36; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
M. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Yellow. 

Sororities-1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta. 

DEPAUW UNIVERSITY. 

Greencastle, Ind. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1837 ; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $475,000; Endowment $435,000; Faculty 
42, Men 25, Women 17; Students 924, Men 470, Women 
454; Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-Decus Lumenque Reipublicae Collegium, Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
ma; 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, Alpha Phi; 1905, Mu Phi 
Epsilon, (Mus.) 

DICKINSON COLLEGE. 

Carlisle, Pa. 
Nonseotarian ; Opened 1783; Women admitted 1883; 



124 Statistical Data. 

Valuation $850,000; Endowment $375,000; Faculty 32; 
Students 522, Men 452, Women 70; Tuition $6.25; Ex- 
penses $275 ; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M. 
Motto-None. Colors-Red and White. 
Sororities-1903, Pi Beta Phi; 1907, Chi Omega. 

FRANKLIN COLLEGE. 

Ffaiiklih, Irid. 

Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1^69; Valua^ 
tion $110,000; Endowment $312,584; Faculty 11, Men 7, 
Women 4; Students 291^ Men 141, Women 150; Tuition 
$42; Expenses $120; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. 

Motto-Christianity and Culture. Colors-Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sorority-1888, Pi Beta Phi. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 

Washington, D. C. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 182 1 ; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $1,164,255.11; Endowment $284,329.67; Faculty 
208; Students 1300, Men 1089, Women 211; Tuition $150; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. 
D., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., Pharm. G., LL. B. 

Motto-Deus Nobis Fiducia. Colors-Continental Buff and Blue. 

Sororities-1889 Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, Sigma 
Kappa. 



Statistical Data. 125 

HILLSDALE COLLEGE. 

Hillsdale, Mich. 

Free Baptist; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; 
Valuation $120,098; Endowment $251,983 ; Faculty 23, 
Men 16, Women 7; Students 313, Men 117, Women 196; 
Tuition $23.50; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. 
Pd. 

Motto-Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. Colors-UUramarine Blue. 

Soronties-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta Phi. 

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 

Urbana, 111. 

S^ate; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
tion $3,500,000; Ehdo-vtment $645,000; Faculty 482, Men 
442, Women 40; Students 4316, Men 3400, Women 916; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., ?h. D., B. L. S., LL. B., M. D., M. E., C. E., E. E., 
M. Arch., M. Agr. 

Motto-Learning and Labor. Colors-Orange and Blue. 

Sororities-i8fc)5, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 
1899, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, Chi 
Omega; 190S, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa, Delta Gamma; 
1898, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 



126 Statistical Data. 

ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 

Bloomington, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted". 
1877; Valuation $140,000; Endowment $118,161; Faculty 
45, Men 30, Women 15; Students 970, Men 500, Women. 
470; Tuition $51; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S.,. 
A. M, Ph. D., LL. B., B. M. 

Motto-Scientia et Sapientia. Colers-Green and White. 

Sororities-1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma Kappa. 

UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA. 

Bloomington, Ind. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valua- 
tion $600,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty y2, Men 6y, 
Women 5; Students 1821, Men 1146, Women 675; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D., M. D. 

Motto-Liix Et Veritas. Colors-Cream and Crimson. 
Sororities-1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma. 

IOWA STATE COLLEGE. 

Ames. la. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valua- 
tion $1,000,000; Endowment $683,708.53; Faculty 112, Men 



Statistical Data. 127 

77, Women 35; Students 2138, Men 1912, Women 226; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. S., B. C. E., B. 
M. E., B. D. S., D. V. M. 

Motto-Science with Practice. Colors-Cardinal and Gold. 
Sorority-1869, Pi Beta Phi. 

UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. 

Iowa City, la. 

State; Opened i860; Women admitted i860; Valua- 
tion $2,334,000; Endowment $235,000; Faculty 150, Men 
143, Women 7; Students 2072, Men 1430, Women 642; 
Tuition $20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. Ph., B. S., 
M. A., M. S., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., Ph. G., 
Ph. C. 

Motto-None. Color-Old Gold. 

Sororities-1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta Phi; 
1887, Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

IOWA WESLEY AN UNIVERSITY. 

Mt. Pleasant, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 
1844; Valuation $160,000; Endowment $60,000; Faculty 
:28, Men 15, Women 13; Students 450, Men 230, Women 
:22o; Tuition $45; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
Ph. B., Litt. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sororities-1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 



128 Statistical Data. 

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 

Lawrence, Kans. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866; Valua- 
tion $1,500,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 114, Men. 
99, Women 15; Students 1786, Men 1176, Women 610; 
Tuition $10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S.,. 
M. A., Ph. D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., Ph. G., Mus. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883,- 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega. 

KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 

Lexington, Ky. 

Christian; Opened 1799; Women admitted 1889; Val- 
uation $452,000; Endowment $550,000; Faculty 64, Men 
61, Women 3; Students 1109, Men 992, Women 117; Tui- 
tion $30; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. 
S., LL. B., LL. D., M. D. 

Motto-In Lumine Illo Tradimus Lumen. Color-Crimson. 

Sorority- 1903, Chi Omega. 

KNOX COLLEGE. 

Galesburg, 111. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1845; 



Statistical Data. 129 

Valuation $273,918.71; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 31, 
Men 18, Women 13 ; Students 607, Men 165, Women 442 ; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M.S. 

Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1884, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 

LELAND STANFORD, JR., UNIVERSITY. 

Palo Alto, Cal. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened _i89i ; Women admitted 1891 ; 
Valuation $30,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 
136, Men 130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men iioo, Women 
500; Tuition $10; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 1899, Alpha 
Phi; 1905, Gamma Phi Beta. 

LOMBARD UNIVERSITY. 

Galesburg, 111. 

Universalist ; Opened 1851 ; Women admitted 1851 ; 
Valuation $160,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 22, 
Men 15, Women 7; Students 181, Men 91, Women 90; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., B. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Olive. 

Sororities-1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, Alpha Xi Delta. 



130 Statistical Data. 

U^ i'*u ^^ UNIVERSITY OF MAINE. 

Orono, Me. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; Valua- 
tion $339,000; Endowment $218,300; Faculty 71, Men 66, 
Women 5 ; Students 635, Men 570, Women 65 ; Tuition 
$30; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., LL. B., Ph. C, 
M. A., M. S., LL. M., C. E., M. E., E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Light Blue. 

Sorority-1902, Delta Sigma. 

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
tion $2,851,378; Endowment $1,172,946; Faculty 305, Men 
296, Women 9; Students 4192, Men 3505, Women 687; 
Tuition $20; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., 
D. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-Artes, Scientia, Veritas. Colors-Maise and Blue. 

Sororities 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1882, Gamma Phi Beta; 
1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, Kappa Kappa Gam- 
ma; 1892, Alpha Phi; 1898, Alpha Chi Omega; 1906, Chi Omega; 
•1890, Alpha Epsilon Iota, (Med.) 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota; (Mus.) 
1904, Mu Phi Epsilon, (Mus.) 

In addition to the national sororities there is a local society- 
called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, being a 
branch of New York Sorosis, which was founded in 1868. Its 



Statistical Data. 131 

aims and methods, however, are very similar to those of its ri- 
vals. The total membership is 200, the average active member- 
ship 20, the average annual initiation 6. The badge is a mono- 
gram of an Old English S and a simple C jewelled. The pledge 
pin is an oval of rose gold bearing a C linked to the upper part 
of the S. The colors are yellow and white. 

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
tion $3,700,000; Endowment $1,400,000; Faculty 239, Men 
209, Women 30; Students 4126, Men 2876, Women 1250; 
Tuition $20; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. 
D., LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., D. D. S., P. C, B. 
S., B. Ag., M. Ag., A. C. 

Motto-None. Colors-Maroon and Gold. 

Sororities-1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta Gamma; 
1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, Pi Beta Phi; 
1894, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi Beta; 1907, Alpha Xi 
Delta; 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Oxford, Miss. 

State; Opened 1848; Women admitted 1882; Valua- 
tion $1,450,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 28, Men 2^, 
Women i ; Students 344, Men 282, AVomen 62 ; Tuition 



132 Statistical Data. 

Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., B. E., M. A., 
LL. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Blue. 

Sororities-1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI. 

Columbia, Mo. 

State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
tion $1,600,000; Endowment $1,240,000; Faculty 130, Men 
121, Women 9; Students 2380, Men 1892, Women 488; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $225 ; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL. B., M. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta Phi. 

MX. UNION COLLEGE. 

Alliance, O. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 
1846; Valuation $325,000; Endowment $122,000; Faculty 
29, Men 18, Women 11; Students 524, Men 250, Women 
274; Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
B. S., Litt. B., A. M., M. S., B. C. S., M. C. S., Mus. B. 

Motto-Sit Lux. Color-Royal Purple. 

Sororities-1882, Delta Gamma; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. : 



Statistical Data. 133 

UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875 ; Women admitted 1875 ; 
Valuation $25o,9CX); Endowment $70,000; Faculty 41, Men 
6, Women 35; Students 1031, Men 629, Women 404; Tui- 
tion $15; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., B. L., M. 
D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Garnet and Blue. 
Sorority-1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 

Lincoln, Neb. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valua- 
tion $1,500,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 168, Men 
154, Women 14; Students 2728, Men 1506, Women 1222; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL, B., M. D. 

Motto-None, Colors-Scarlet and Creanu 

Sororities-i884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1895, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1906, Al- 
pha Phi. 

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 

New York, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1831 ; Women admitted r886; 



134 Statistical Data. 

Valuation $3,200,000; Endowment $1,085,000; Faculty 259, 
Men 242, Women 17; Students 3501, Men 2851, Women 
650; Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
B. C. S., M. A, M. S., Ph. D, Pd. M., Pd. D, LL. B., LL. 
M, J. D., M. D., D. V. S, C. E. 

*The undergraduate college proper is not open to women 

Motto-Perstare Et Praestare. Color-Violet. 

Sorority-1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 

Evanston, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; opened 1855; Women admitted 
1873; Valuation $3,565,928.18; Endowment $4,550,765.38; 
Faculty 331, Men 303, Women 28; Students 3668, Men 
2325, Women 1343; Tuition $80; Expenses $450; Degrees, 
A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D. 

Motto-Quaecumque Sunt Vera. Color-Royal Purple. 

Sororities-1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1882, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1888, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Gamma Phi 
Beta; 1890, Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta. Phi; 1895, Delta 
Delta Delta; 1901, Chi Omega; 1904, Sigma Alpha Iota (Mus.); 
1893, Zeta Phi Eta, (Oratory). 

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. 

Columbus, O. 
State ; Opened 1872 ; Women admitted 1872 ; Valuation 



Statistical Data. 135 

$4,010,000; Endowment $695,838.19; Faculty 160, Men 
145, Women 15; Students 2057, Men 1645, Women 412; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
Ph. D, C. E., M. E, E. M., LL. B., LL M., D. V. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Scarlet and Gray. 

Sororities-1888, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta. 

OHIO UNIVERSITY. 

Athens, O. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valua- 
tion $1,500,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 53, Men 33, 
Women 20; Students 1319, Men 566, Women 753; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ped. 

Motto-Prae Omnibus Virtus. Colors-Olive Green and White. 

Sorority-1889, Pi Beta Phi. 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;* 
Valuation $12,941,459; Endowment $7,808,376, Faculty, 
379; Students 3854, Men 3487, Women 367; Tuition $150; 
Expenses $400; Degrees A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
C. E., M. E., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. 

*A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 

Motto-Literae Sine Moribus Vanae. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 

Sororities-1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta 
Delta. 



136 Statistical Data. 

RICHMOND COLLEGE. 

Richmond, Va. 

Baptist; Opened 1832; Women admitted 1898; Valua- 
tion $7oo,0(X>; Endowment $375,000; Faculty 17; Stu- 
dentsdents 271; Men 251; Women 20; Tuition $70; Ex- 
penses $275 ; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., LL. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Crimson and Navy Blue. 

Sorority-igos, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

SIMPSON COLLEGE. 

Indianola, la. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1867 ; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $133,000; Endowment $90,211; Faculty 
46; Men 27, Women 19; Students 929, Men 458, Women 
471; Tuition $41; Expenses $125; Degrees, A. B., B. S., 
Ph. B., B. Mus, A. M, Ph. M., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-Red and Old Gold. 
Sororities-1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889, Delta Delta Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Vermilion, S. D. 

State; Opened 1881 ; Women admitted 1881 ; Valua- 
tion $250,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 47, Men 30, 
Women 17; Students 458, Men 217, Women 241; Tuition 



Statistical Data. 137 

Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., B. Mus., 
LL. B., LL. M. 

Motto- Veritas. Color- Vermilion. 
Sorority-1903, Alpha Xi Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

Methodist; Opened 1880; Women admitted 1880; 
Valuation $250,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 181, 
Men 157, Women 24; Students 850, Men 508, Women 342; 
Tuition $70; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. Mus. 

Motto-None, Colors-None. 

Sorority-1895, Alpha Chi Omega. 

SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST UNIVERSITY. 

Jackson, Tenn. 
Baptist; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1890; Valua- 
tion $125,000; Endowment $125,000; Faculty 20, Men 13, 
Women 7; Students 300, Men 200, Women 100; Tuition 
$60; Expenses, $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M. 
Motto-None. Colors-Blue and Old Gold. 
Sorority-1903, Chi Omega. 

SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 

Georgetown, Tex. 
Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women 



138 Statistical Data. > 

admitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $100,000; 
Fiaculty 28, Men 19, Women 9; Students 455, Men 219, 
Women 236; Tuition $63; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., 
B. S., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-None. 

Soronties-1906, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1906, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
1907, Alpha Delta Phi. 



ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY. 

Canton. N. Y. 

Universalist ; Opened 1861 ; Women admitted 1861 ; 
Valuation $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, 
Men 25, Women i ; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103 ; 
Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. A., B. S., B. D., 
LL. B. 

Motto-Fides Et Veritas. Colors-Scarlet and Brown. 
Sorority-1891, Delta Delta Delta. 

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE. 

Swarthmore, Pa. 

Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valu- 
ation $850,000; Endowment $970,000; Faculty 32, Men 
26, Women 6; Students 322, Men 157, Women 165; Tui- 



Statistical Data. 139 

tion $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., 
C. E., M. K, E. E. 

Motto-None. Color-Garnet. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta Phi; 1893, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

Methodist Episcopal ; Opened 1871 ; Women admitted 
1871 ; Valuation $1,976,147; Endowment $4,163,467; Fac- 
ulty 218, Men 187, Women 31 ; Students 3005, Men 1450, 
Women 1555; Tuition $108; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. 
B., Ph. B., B. S., B. Ar., B. Mus., B. L., B. P., M. D., 
LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E. 

Motto-Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. Color-Orange. 

Sororit^s-1872, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta; 1883, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Delta Delta Del- 
ta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, Delta Gamma; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 
1904; Alpha Gamma Delta; 1905, Sigma Kappa; 1907, Alpha Chi 
Omega; 1900, Zeta Phi (Med.); 1905, Mu Phi Epsilon (Mus.) 

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE. 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

State; Opened 1794; Women admitted 1893; Valua- 
tion $629,961.80; Endowment $425,000; Faculty 88, Men 84, 
Women 4; Students 730, Men 594, Women 136; Tuition 



140 Statistical Data. 

$60; Expenses $180; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., AI. S., 

M. E., E. E., C. E., M. S. A., LL. B., LL. M, M. D., 

D. D. S. 

Motto-Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vas Liberabit. Color-Orange and White 
Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1904, 

Zeta Tau Alpha. 

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. 

Austin, Tex. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valua- 
tion $800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 120, Men 
105, Women 15; Students 2273, ^^'^ I433j Women 840; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. E., 
LL. B., M. D. 

Motto-None. Colors-Orange and White. 

Sororities-1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 
1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, Zeta Tau 
Alpha, Alpha Delta Phi. 

TORONTO UNIVERSITY. 

Toronto, Can. 

Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 223, 
Men 221, Women 2; Students 2333, Men 1792, Women 

541; Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M, A., 



Statistical Data. 141 

Ph. D, M. B., M. D., LL. B., LL M., C. E., E. E., M. E., 
D. D. S., B. S. A. 

Motto-Velut Arhor Aevo. Color s-Azuret Argent. 
Sororities-1887, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1906, Alpha Phi. 

TUFTS COLLEGE. 

Tufts College, Mass. 

Universalist ; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1893; 
Valuation $2,000,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 200, 
Men 198, Women 2; Students iioo, Men 959, Women 141 ; 
Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., B. D., M. D., D. M. D. 

Motto-Pax Et Lux. Colors-Brown and Blue. 
Sororities-1901, Delta Sigma; 1907, Alpha Xi Delta. 

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Methodist Episcopal South ; Opened 1875 J Women ad- 
mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 
Faculty 10; Students 884, Men 854, Women 30; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., 
D. Sc, Ph. D., B. E., C. E., M. E., E. M., E. E. 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and Black. 

Sorority- 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta. , \'.^ 



142 Statistical Data. 

UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT. 

Burlington, Vt., 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871 ; Valua- 
tion $1,038,500; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 38; Stu- 
dents 354, Men 274, Women 80; Tuition $80; Expenses 
$300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. P., M. S., C. E., 
E. E., M. E., M. D. 

Motto-Studiis Et Rebus Honestis. Colors-Green and Gold. 

Sororities-1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Delta Delta; 
1898, Pi Beta Phi. 

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. 

Seattle, Wash. 

State ; Opened 1861 ; Women admitted 1861 ; Valua- 
tion $1,500,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 80, Men 
yy, Women 3; Students 11 32, Men 623, Women 509; Tu- 
ition Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., LL. B., 
B. S., M. E., C. E., M. E., Pharm. 
Motto-Lux Sit. Colors-Purple and Gold. 

Sororities-1903, Delta Gamma; 1903, Gamma Phi Beta; 1905, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma, 1907, Pi Beta Phi, Alpha Xi Delta. 

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. 

St. Louis Mo. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1870; 



Statistical Data. 143 

Valuation $1,892,816.45; Endowment $4,659,497.48; Fac- 
ulty 169; Students 751, Men 660, Women 91 ; Tuition $150; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. D., 
M D., D. D. S., LL. B., C. E., M. E., E. E, Chem. E., 
B. Arch. 

Motto-Per Verstatem Vis. Colors-Myrtle and Maroon. 
Sororities-1906, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1907, Pi Beta Phi. 

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 

Middletown, Conn. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1831; Women admitted 
1872; Valuation $973,250; Endowment $1,572,485; Facul- 
ulty 37, Men 36, Women i ; Students 328, Men 303, Wom- 
en 25 ; Tuition $85 ; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
B. S., M. A., M. S. 

Motto-None. Colors-Cardinal and Black. 

Sororities-1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, Alpha Gamma 
Delta. 

UNIVERSITY OF WEST VIRGINIA. 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valua- 
tion, $769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty 84, Men 72, 
Women 12; Students 1257, Men 700, Women 557; Tui- 



144 Statistical Data. 

tion $50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., C. E. 

Motto-To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. Colors-Old Gold 
and Navy Blue. 

Sororities-1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 1906, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. 

Madison, Wis. 

State; Opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valua- 
tion $2,313,332.21 ; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 263, Men 
250, Women 13; Students 2745, Men 1968, Women yy'/; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., S. B., Ph. 
B., A. M., S. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-Numen Lumen. Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta Gamma; 
1885, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1896, Alpha Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Chi Omega; 
1903, Alpha Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gam- 
ma Delta. 

WITTENBERG COLLEGE. 

Springfield, O. 

Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Val- 
uation $150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 21, Men 19, 



Statistical Data. 145 

Women 2; Students 366, Men 244, Women 122; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. 

Motto-Having Light They Will Give to Others. Colors-Cardinal 
.and Cream. 

Sorority-1904, Alpha Xi Delta. 

WOOSTER UNIVERSITY. 

Wooster, O. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; 
Valuation $700,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 73, 
Men 56, Women 17; Students 834, Men 417, Women 417; 
Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S. 

Motto-Ex Uno Fonte. Colors-Old Gold and Black. 

Soronties-1875, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma. 

INDEPENDENT COLLEGES FOR WOMEN. 

Of the twelve independent colleges for women ranked 
as "A" by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
two. The Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph- 
Macon Woman's college, admit sororities, six, Elmira, 
Smith, Wellesley, Mills, Mt. Holyoke, and Rockford sanc- 
tion local Greek letter societies and four, Vassar, Bryn 
Mawr, Wells and Trinity are opposed to the fraternity 
system in any form. It does not seem so remarkable a 



146 Statistical Data. 

circumstance that Vassar and Wells, established before 
sororities had gained any headway or any standing, are 
opposed to their admission as that Elmira's first Presi- 
dent and Wellesley's Founder made early provision for 
similar societies which are today an essential part of the 
life of these two colleges. The attitude of the Woman's 
College of Baltimore and Randolph-Macon Woman's Col- 
lege in admitting sororities is probably due to the fact 
that they were not opened until the women's fraternities 
had established themselves in the leading universities of 
the country and had had oportunity to demonstrate their 
usefulness as a factor in college life. This idea is borne 
out by the fact that all the independent women's colleges- 
started since 1885, with the exception of Bryn Mawr and 
Trinity, sanction sororities in some form or other. Whether 
the Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph-MacorL 
Woman's College, which are under Methodist control^ 
were influenced by the experience of other Methodist col- 
leges, DePauw, Syracuse, Boston, and Northwestern,., 
which have been known for years as strong fraternity cen- 
tres it is not the province of this article to say, but the fact 
is certainly noteworthy. 

BRYN MAWR. 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 
Nonstectarian ; Opened 1885; Valua/tion $1,784,000; 
Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 47, Men 2'], Women 20:. 



Statistical Data. 147 

Students 441; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. 
-B, A. M, Ph. D. 

Motto-Veritatem Dilexi. Colors-Yellow and Whte. 

ELMIRA COLLEGE. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1885; Valuation $200,000; En- 
dowment $72,000; Faculty 18, Men 7, Women 11; Stu- 
dents 229; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., 
E. S., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Purple and Gold. 

As early as the year 1856 a literary society, known as Cali- 
sophia, was organized under the guidance of President Augustus 
W. Coles, D. D. Union 1841, who for the period of thirty-five 
years administered the affairs of the college and who still holds 
an honored place on the faculty. Calisophia remained the only 
society for ten years, but owing to differences some of its mem- 
bers formed a new society, June 7, 1866, to which was given the 
name of Philomathea. It was not long before the rivals took on 
all the characteristics of fraternity life and the change to Greek- 
Letter societies resulted quite naturally. Prior to 1903, member- 
ship was limited only by the wish of the active members, but at 
that time the administration decided that neiher should carry a 
-chapter of more than twenty-five members. 

Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856, and has a total member- 
ship of 688. The badge is a m^onogram of the two letters inter- 
twined and is frequently set with emeralds and pearls. The 
•colors are green and white, and the pennant is green with a white 
monogram like the badge. The open motto is "Per Aspera Ad 



148 Statistical Data. 

Astra." The society has a handsomely furnished room in the 
college building. 

Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866, and has about 600 mem- 
bers. The badge is a monogram, usually set with fubies and 
pearls, the Phi superimposed upon the Mu. The pledge pin is a 
monogram stick pin of the same style, but much smaller. The 
colors are red and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. 
The pennant is of red satit with Phi Mu in gold letters. The 
society has rooms with appropriate fittings. 

The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in October, 1901^ 
but is not a secret organization, its chief purpose being the 
production of dramatic performances, based upon careful study 
and work. Members of Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu are on its 
roll. The badge is a skull and crossbones of oxydized silver with 
emeralds in the eyes. The society has a room in the college 
building and a hall on the campus known as Thespis Hall in 
which is the club's theatre. 



MILLS COLLEGE. 

Mills College, Cal. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1871 ; Chartered 
as a college 1885 ; Present departments, seminary, making 
up the bulk of attendance, and college ; Valuation $450,000; 
Endowment $300,000; Faculty 39, Men 8, Women 31; 
College Students 65; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; De- 
grees, A. B., B. L. 

MottO'For Christ and the World. Colors-White and Gold. 
Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was started as^ 
a. society that should include all college students who wished to- 



Statistical Data. 149 

join, but was changed in 1900 to a secret organization. The total 
membership is 70. The badge is a gold Mu with the Sigmas 
superimposed upon it. The Sigmas may be jewelled, but only- 
pearls or diamonds are used, as the society's colors are white 
and gold- The badge worn by pledge members is a monogram 
stick pin, a Pi superimposed upon a Sigma. 

Delta Theta Delta^was established in 1899 and was the first 
secret society at Mills. The total membership is 60. The badge 
is an oblong of black enamel with the letters of the society's 
name in gold. The colors are green and black. 

MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE. 

South Hadley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered 
as a colege 1888; Preparatory department dropped 1893; 
Valuation $869,961.19; Endowment $801,000; Faculty 97, 
Men 8, Women 89; Students 720; Tuition $125; Expenses 
$200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

Motto-Psalm CXLIV-XIL Color-Pale Blue. 

Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total member- 
ship is 160, the average active membership 25. The badge is 
composed of the three Greek letters, either plain or jewelled, 
fastened to a gold bar three-quartrs of an inch long. 

Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total membership 
is 125, the average active membership 25. The badge is a dia- 
mond-shaped shield supporting another of black enamel sur- 
rounded by a twist of gold. The three letters are of gold and 
are placed in order along the short diagonal. The colors are 
purple and gold, the flower the pansy. 

Psi Omega was founded in 1897. The total membership is 



150 Statistical Data. 

100, the average active membership is 25. The badge is a 
peculiarly-shaped shield of gold, supporting another of black 
enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. The second shiel'd 
bears the Greek letters in gold, the Psi being placed above the 
Omega. 

Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total membership 
is 60, the average active membership is 20. The badge is a gold 
monogram of the two Greek letters, the Gamma superim- 
posed upon the Kappa and often jewelled with rubies. The color 
is red, the flower the red rose. 

Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total member- 
ship is 50, the average active membership 20. The badge is an 
equilateral triangle set with pearls and supporting an inner tri- 
angle of black enamel with the gold letters of the society's name 
in the angles. The color is old gold, the flower the yellow rose. 

RANDOLPH - MiACON WOMAN'S COLLEGE. 

Lynchburg, Va. 
Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation 
$535,000; Endowment $218,000; Faculty 32, Men 13, Wo- 
men 19; Students 358; Tuition $75; Expenses $300; De- 
grees, A, B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Lemon and Black. 

Sororities-1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 1903, Al- 
pha Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 
190S, Delta Delta Delta. 

ROCKFORD COLLEGE. 

Rockford, 111. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened as a seminary 1849; Chartered 



Statistical Data. 151 

as a college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and 
college; Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Fac- 
ulty 22, Men 2, Women 20; Tuition %'7^\ Expenses $275; 
Degrees, B. A., B. S. 

Motto-Decus Et Veritas. Colors-Purple and White. 

Kappa Theta was originally a literary society, called Casta- 
lian, but became a secret organization in September, 1900. Its 
present name was adopted April 17, 1902. The total member- 
ship is 66, the average active membership 16. The badge is a 
gold shield with curiously fluted edges upon which is raised a 
wedge bearing the letters of the society's name in black enamel, 
the Kappa above the Theta. The colors are scarlet and gray, 
the flower the scarlet carnation. 

Chi Theta Psi was founded February 24, 1902. The total 
membership is 92, the average active membership 20. The badge 
is an oval of black enamel bearing the letters of the society's 
name and surrounded by a band of gold or pearls. The colors 
are black and gold, the flower the black pansy. 

SMITH COLLEGE. 

Northampton, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $675,500; En- 
dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 93, Men 2y, Women 66; 
Students 1387; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, 
A. B., A. M. 

Motto- Add to Your Virtue Knowledge. Color-White. 
For a number of years there was only one Greek-Letter so- 
ciety at Smith, but later when the college grew large enough to 
support two and when it seemed that competition would add 



152 Statistical Data. 

strength and inspiration to the one already formed, it was de- 
cided that five members should go out from the first and organize 
a second on similar lines. These five were finally voluteers, as 
the matter was too delicate a one to put to vote. As a reward 
for their self-sacrifice they were permitted to retain their original 
membership, but they were the only students who ever belonged 
to both organizations. 

Although these two Greek-letter societies are not regarded 
by either students or faculty as secret sororities, the difference 
between them and the local secret societies at other colleges is 
very slight. The large membership precludes any very close 
friendship such as the sororities seek to foster, and for this 
reason they resemble the class societies in vogue at some of the 
men's colleges. The letters of the Greek names have a special 
significance for the initiated and neither meetings nor member- 
ship are open. Rushing, however, has been eliminated by a 
unique custom of allowing each society in turn first choice. One 
year one society has the privilege of making the first draw- 
ing, but the next year it goes to the other. If one society elects 
three members, the other takes the same number the following 
week, and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is 
selected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one as 
to the other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in the hopes 
of receiving an invitation from the other. There are always sixty 
members in each at the close of the year and this number is 
invariably made up of twenty-five seniors, twenty juniors, and 
fifteen sophomores, though sophomores are not admitted until 
after the Christmas recess. The basis of membership is high 
scholarship, special literary power or marked executive ability. 
Meetings are held once in three weeks at the rooms that each 
society has in the Students' Biulding. They are usually of a 
literary character, followed by a social gathering, but quite often 
a play is given. Once a year each has an open meeting when 
some interesting speaker delivers a lecture. 



Statistical Data. 153 

The Alpha Society was founded three years after the college 
was opened. It aims to provide instruction and entertainment for 
its members. The badge is of Roman gold and is a facsimile of 
a primitive Greek Alpha. The club color is red. 

Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims to 
encourage a high grade of scholarship, especially along literary 
lines, and to bring into intimate relations those who have con- 
genial interests. The badge consists of three equilateral triangles 
of white enamel, each bearing one letter of the society's name in 
gold and all meeting at a common centre under a single pearl. 
Each one of the three equal spaces between the triangles is filled 
with a gold fleur de lis. The club color is gold, the flower the 
daffodil. 

TRINITY COLLEGE. 

Washington, D. C. 

Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $80,000; Endow- 
ment $10,000; Faculty 25, Men 8, Women 17; Students 
no; Tuition $100; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B. 

Motto-Unitas in Trinitate. Colors-Silver and White. 

VASSAR COLLEGE. 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2,361,000; 
Endowment $1,304,000; Faculty 94, Men 17, Women yy; 
Students 1006; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, 
A. B., A. M. 

Motto-None. Colors-Rose and Gray. 



154 Statistical Data. 

WELLESLEY COLLEGE. 
Wellesley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1875; Valuation $1,760,525; 
Endowment ^5^^06,000; Faculty 96, Men 12, Women 84; 
Students 1096; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees B. 
A., M. A., 

Motto-Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. Color-Dark Blue. 

In November, 1876, Mr. Henry F. Durant, founder of Wel- 
lesley College, suggested to representative students that two soci- 
eties devoted to social and literary ends should be organized. In 
June, 1881, these were disbanded because of faculty opposition, 
but were reorganized eight years later through the efforts of the 
charter members. There is a general impression among sorority 
women that Wellesley societies are not secret organizations, 
since they publish their formal programs in the college papers. 
It is true that only two. Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha, were secret 
in the beginning, but since 1889 all claim that they are both secret 
and select, and emphasize the fact that they do not tell outsiders 
even their colors or their flowers. 

In the early history of the societies freshmen were admitted, 
but as years went on there was a marked tendency on the part of 
all to postpone the elections to membership. This conservatism 
culminated in an inter-society compact made in June, 1904, to ex- 
tend to invitations to new members before the first day of Christ- 
mas vacation of their sophomore year. With the increasing at- 
tendance, it seems only a question of time when the societies 
will restrict their membership to the junior and senior classes. 

The society houses at Wellesley are unlike the fraternity 
houses of other colleges, which usually serve as homes for their 
members during the college course. They resemble the hand- 



Statistical Data. 155 

somely furnished club house of city and town and contain a hall 
for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen and cloak rooms. 

Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876, with sixteen char- 
ter members. Its aim is to give "Additional literary training and 
social intercourse, to strengthen character, to uphold scholarship 
and to unite the interests of the undergraduates". The society 
was disbanded in 1881, but reestablished May 17, 1889. It is 
the only Wellesley society that placed a chapter elsewhere, the 
Beta chapter being located at Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
Conn., from 1893-1903. The total membership of the Alpha 
Chapter is 325, the average active membership 25. The badge is 
a shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the Greek 
letters of the society's name in gold. The society has a handsome 
house on the college grounds near Lake Waban. It was built 
in 1900 and is a model of an Italian villa. 

Zeta Alpha ^yas founded November 6, 1876, discontinued in 
June 1881 and reestablished in the Fall of 1889. The society al- 
ways has one open meeting during the year to show its guests 
something representative of its work. Its annual colonial ball 
has become quite a feature of the college life. The total 
membership is 350, the average active membership 25. Its 
badge and that of Sigma Psi of the College for Women of Wes- 
tern Reserve University are identicle in size and shape, but the 
pin of Zeta Alpha is all of gold with a facsmile of an old Roman 
lamp across the centre. In the upper angle is a star set with a 
turquoise and in the lower angles are the letters Zeta and Alpha 
in blue enamel. The society's house is a handsome colonial 
structure with the grounds laid out to represent an old colonial 
garden. 

The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its aim 
is "The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of develop- 
ment". It was at first an open club and many who belonged to 
Phi Sigma or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among its members, but 
when these two were reestablished in 1899 as secret societies, it 



156 Statistical Data. 

was put upon the same basis. The total membership is 586, the 
average active membership 40. The badge is a gold mask with a 
silver quill through the left eye and above the mask the gold let- 
ters, W. S., a facsimile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will 
The society's house, erected in 1898 on Tree Day Green, is a copy 
of Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford and is one of the pictures- 
que sights of Wellesley. The annual play, presented out of doors 
in Rhododendron Hollow, is always one of the memorable oc- 
casions of the commencement season. 

Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1899 as the "Art Society". 
The name was changed in 1895, but the aim remained the same, 
viz. "To disseminate an artistic spirit and an appreciation of the 
beautiful in creative art and nature on the one hand, on the 
other to bring its members into closer fellowship with one anoth- 
er". The total membership is 220, the active membership 40. 
The badge is of gold and represents an ancient chariot wheel 
with a wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are the initials 
of the society's name in violet enamel. The society house, con- 
taining a hall, fashioned after the old English style with plastered 
walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place and balcony is 
one of the features of the Wellesley campus. The members give 
two unique affairs each year, the Studio Reception and the Fall 
Musical. 

The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist as 
one of the six societies of Wellesley in 1892. Up to that time 
it had been a political club founded bj'' a few freshmen in the 
village who met to discuss political questions. Its aim is "To 
create in its members an intelligent interest in the political ques- 
tions of the day". The total membership is 150, the average ac- 
tive membership 40. The badge represents the helmet of Athena 
and bears upon the crest the word Agora in Greek characters of 
Wellesley blue enamel. The society's house is beautifully situa- 
ted near Lake Waban and is built somewhat after the style of a 



Statistical Data. 157 

Greek temple. The Agora gives three prominent entertainments 
during the year, a Reception on Washington's Birthday, a Mili- 
tary Ball during the Spring and an Open Meeting at which the 
society shows to about 600 guests what its work is. 

Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892, as "the Clas- 
sical Society". Its aim was "To further the interest in ancient 
Greek and Roman drama, literature and art and their influence 
on modern drama, literature and art". In 1897 the name was 
changed and the society became a secret organization. The total 
membership is 150, the average active membership 30. The badge 
is a scroll of black enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi 
in gold. The society house, erected recently and not yet fin- 
ished, is modelled after a private Roman house and is lighted en- 
:tirely from above. 

WELLS COLLEGE. 

Aurora, N. Y. 

Nonseetarian ; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; En- 
dowment $263,000; Faculty 2.2, Men 7, Women 15; Stu- 
dents 155; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., 
M. A. 

MoHo-Habere Et Dispertire. Color-Cardinal. 

WOMAN'S COLLEGE OF BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1888; Valuation $775,- 
000; Endowment $632,000; Faculty 24, Men 11, Women 
13; Students 348; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 



158 Statistical Data. ^ 

Motto-I Thess. V. 2$. Colors-Dark Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities-1891, Alpha Phi; 1892, Delta Gamma; 1893 Gamma- 
Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta Phi; 1899^ 
Delta Delta Delta. 

In addition to these branches of the national organizations 
there is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, which; 
was organized in 1892 and has a total membership of 150. The 
society has no desire to affiliate with any sorority and though it 
has a national charter it does not intend to establish other chap- 
ters. The badge is an arch bearing the letters of the society's 
name and a Sphinx head. The colors are old rose and white, the 
flower the chrysanthemum. 

AFFILIATED COLLEGES. 

The word affiliated is used to designate such colleges 
for women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the 
admanistration of a college for men. The woman's college 
may, or may not, have an individual name, but in every 
case the separation is complete. 

Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they 
are, they show many marked differences in the methods 
employed in furnishing the instruction to the women stu- 
dents. In the case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879 by a cor- 
poration under the name of "The Society for the Collegiate 
Instruction of Women", but popukrly known as ''Harvard 
Annex" until its incorporation as a college for women in 
1894, the instruction is given by members of the Harvard 
faculty. Though most of its courses are identical with 
courses in Harvard and all are of the same grade as those 



Statistical Data. 159 

rgiven by the University, yet many listed in the different 
■departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not 
open to students at RadcHffe. Newcomb College was 
opened in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane University, 
but it is located in a different section of New Orleans and 
lias a faculty of its own. At Barnard, opened in 1889 
and incorporated as an undergraduate woman's college 
of Columbia, the courses are given by professors appointed 
hy the trustees of the University. Barnard graduates re- 
ceive their degrees from Columbia and may take up post- 
graduate work at the University under the same condi- 
tions as men. Brown University admitted women infor- 
mally to certain privileges as early as 1892 and established 
the Woman's College as a regular department in 1897. 
Western Reserve University became coeducational in 1872, 
l)ut made a change in policy in 1888. 

RadcHffe is the only affiliated college where no form 
of the Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local 
conditions rather than to any definite policy of opposition 
on the part of the administration. In the case of the Wom- 
an's College of Western Reserve the authorities feel 
that the local societies are best for the women students, 
though fraternities are countenanced among men. 

BARNARD COLLEGE. 

New York, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian ; Opened 1889; Valuation $561,700; En- 



i6o Statistical Data. 

dowment $700,000; Faculty 67, Men 52, Women 15; Stu- 
dents 624; Tuition $150; Expenses $600; Degree A. B. 

Motto-Hepomene To Logismo. Colors-Pale Blue and White. 

Sororities-1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alpha Omicron 
Pi; 1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi Beta; 1903, Al- 
pha Phi; 1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi Beta Phi; 1906, Chi 
Omega. 

BROWN UNIVERSITY. 

Providence, R, I. 

Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
man's College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endow- 
ment $2,500,000; Faculty 46, Men 43, Women 3; Students 
849, Men 649, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-Deo Speramus. Colors-Brown and White. 

Sororities-1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Delta Sigma. 

NEWCOMB COLLEGE. 

New Orleans, La. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1886; Valuation $600,000; En- 
dowment $400,000; Faculty 33, Men 9, Women 24; Stu- 
dents 439; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degree, A. B. 

Motto-None. Colors-Light Blue and Bronze. 

Sororities-1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1900, 
Chi Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1907, Phi Mu. 



Statistical Data. i6i 

RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. 

Cambridge, Mass. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1879; Valuation $871,000; En- 
dowment $420,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women o; 
Students 468; Tuition $200; Expenses $550; Degrees, A. 
B, A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto-Veritas. Colors-Crimson and White. 

WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. 

; Qeveland O. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1826 ; Women admitted 1872 ; 
Woman's College created 1888; Valuation $1,552,790; 
Endowment $1,593,082; Faculty 131, Men ir6, Women 
15; Students 907, Men 578, Women 329; Tuition $100: 
Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., A. M., 

Motto-None. Colors-Gold and White. 

Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total member- 
ship is 57. Its founders intended that only students of Greek 
should be admitted, but this policy has been changed within the 
last few years. The badge is of dark blue enamel, fancifully 
shaped, outlined with gold scroll work and bearing the Greek 
letters in gold. The pledge pin is a circle of gold with a bar 
across the centre. On the upper half of the circle are the words 
Delta Phi Upsilon engraved in Greek characters. The colors are 
dark blue and gold, the f]ower, the pansy. 

Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total member- 



i5z Statistical Data. 

ship is SI. The badge is a shield with eight concave sides out- 
lined with a row of pearls. An inner shield of black enamel with 
four concave sides bears the three Greek letters in gold. The 
colors are green and gold, the flower, the daffodil. The pledge 
pin is of black enamel, identical in shape ap4 siz§ with the inner 
portion of the badge. 

Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total membership 
is 70. The badge is a five pointed star set with pearls along the 
edges. An inner raised star of black enamel bearn the gold \eU 
ters Phi Kappa Zeta. The colors are black and gold, the flower, 
the daffodil. 

Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total me^n^ership is 54. 
The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the edges outlined 
with pearls and the corners emphasized wiith emeralds. An in- 
ner raised portion of black enamel beaFs the Greek letters of the 
society^s name, the Sigma being placed above the Psi. The 
pledge pin is a monogram of the two letters, the Sigma being 
of gold at^d the F«i of green fiiiinel. The colors ^pe green and 
gold, the flower the daflfodiL The flag is ?^ pennant with gold 
letters on ^ green background. The open mQtto i§ "^Y§r faith- 
ful". 

COORDINATE COLLEGES. 

The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes 
of the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational 
institution, but always with an increasing tendency toward 
the characteristics of the affiliated college. The segrega- 
tion policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 
1902 has been copied by a number of colleges especially 
in the East and Middle West. All these institutions were 
coeducational for a longer or shorter period and made the 



Statistical Data. 163 

change for a variety of reasons, one because of the increas- 
ing enrolment of women students, another because of the 
decreasing attendance of men students, a third to enable 
the women to enjoy a more distinct social life. At present 
separation in chapel exercises and in the required work of 
the college is as far as most of them have followed in the 
lead of Chicago. Strangely enough the authorities in 
charge of the women of this large university are opposed 
to the admission of branches of the national §rorities, 
while th^ smaller colleges welcome them heartily. 

BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY. 

Lewisbur^, Pa. 

Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Wo- 
man's College created 1905; Valuation $400,000; Endow- 
ment $700,000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women i; Students 
514, Men 373, Women 141; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 
-"' Motto-None. Cplors-Qrange and Blue, 

Sorpritif§-ia84, Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. 

Chicago, 111. 

Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Wo- 
man's Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; 



1 64 Statistical Data. 

Endowment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; 
students 4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition $120; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. 
M., S. M., Ph. D., D. B., Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. 

Motto-None. Color-Maroon. 

Sorority-Alpha Epsilon Iota (Med.) 

The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The total 
membership is 51. The badge is a half inch square of gold, the 
entire space being covered with the word Esoteric in green and 
white enamel. The pledge pin is a square of green enamel dis- 
playing the letter E in white enamel. The colors are green and 
white, the flower the white rose. 

The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. The 
total membership is 77. The badge is of dark blue enamel and 
is designed to represent a mortar board, the tassel being of gold. 
The pledge pin is a square with bevelled edges, bearing the let- 
ters M B in gold on a field of blue enamel. 

The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. The 
total membership is 71, The badge is a square of black enamel 
with gold edges, the lowest angle pierced with the letter Q, 
which is set with ten pearls, the tail of the Q being of black 
enamel. The colors are black and white. 

The Wyvern was founded in October, 1898. The total mem- 
bership is 35. The badge is a W set with either pearls or dia- 
monds and entwined with a winged dragon or wyvern of gold. 
The pledged member wears a silver ring encircled by a dragon. 
The colors are gold and white, the flower the chrysanthemuu. 
The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow field. 

Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The total 
membership is 36. The badge is an open equilateral triangle of 
rose gold, through which and around which twines a winged 
dragon holding a sapphire in its mouth. The letters of the so- 



Statistical Data. 165 

ciety's name appear in the angles of the triangle and like its 
edges, are raised. The pledge pin is an open triangle of dark 
blue enamel, three-eighths of an inch on a side. The colors are 
dark blue and gold, the flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The 
jewel is the sapphire. 

COLBY COLLEGE. 

Waterville, Me. 

Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871 ; Wo- 
man's Division created 1890; Valuation $275,000; Endow- 
ment $470,000; Faculty 17, Men 15, Women 2; Students 
240, Men 124, Women 116; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; 
Degrees, A. B., B. S. 

Motto-Lux Mentis Scientia. Colors-Gray and Blue. 

Sororities-1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega. 

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE. 

Middlebury, Vt. 

Nonsectarian ; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; 
Woman's College created 1903; Valuation $500,000; En- 
dowment $400,000; Faculty 13, Men 13, Women o; Stu- 
dents 178, Men 108, Women 70; Tuition $80; Expenses 
$250; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 

MottO'Scientia Et Virtus. Colors-Blue and White. 

Sorority-1893, Pi Beta Phi. 



MEN'S FRATERNITIES. 

ALPHA CHI RHO-1895-Brooklyn Pol. Inst., Columbia, 
Dickinson, Lafeyette, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, Trinity, Virginia, 
Yale — 9. 

ALPHA DELTA PHI-1832-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, C C 
N. Y., Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Har- 
vard, Johns Hopkins, Kenyon, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Rochester, Toronto, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Western Reserve, 
Williams, Wisconsin, Yale— 24. 

ALPHA TAU OMEGA-1865-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
Albion, Brown, California, Charleston, Chicago, Colby, Colorado, 
Columbia, Cornell, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hills- 
dale, Illinois, Kansas, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Union, Muhlenburg, Nebras- 
ka, North Carolina, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania College, Purdue, Rose Pol. Inst,, Simpson, St. 
Lawrence, Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Pres- 
byterian, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tufts, Tulane, Uni- 
versity of the South, Vanderbilt, Vermont, Virginia, Washington 
State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Western 
Reserve, Wisconsin, Wittenberg, Woostef, Worcester Pol. Inst. 
-58. 

BETA THETA PI-1839-Amherst, Beloit, Bethany, Boston 
Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
Colgate, Colorada, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Davidson, 
Denison, Denver, DePauw, Dickinson, Hampden-Sydney, Han- 
over, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Iowa Wesleyan, 





"^ 




^ 








Au?,/r 








ENGRAVED AND PRINTED FOR THE 

SORORITY HAND BOOK 
BY THE SUFFOLK ENG. AND ELECTRO. CO. BOSTON. 



Men's Fraternities. 167 

Johns Hopkins, Kansas Kenyon, Knox, Lehigh, Maine, Miami, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, North- 
western, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Oklahoma, Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, 
St. Lawrence, Syracuse, Texas, Toronto, Union, Vanderbilt, Vir- 
ginia, Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefferson, 
Wesleyan, Western Reserve, Westminster, West Virginia, Wis- 
consin, Wittenberg, Wooster, Yale — 70. 

CHI PHI-1864-Amherst, California, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
Emory, Franklin and Marshall, Hampden Sydney, Georgia, Ga. 
Sch. Tech., Lafayette, Lehigh, Mass. Inst. Tech., Ohio State, 
Rensselaer, Rutgers, Sheffield, Stevens, Texas, Vandebilt, Wof- 
ford— 20. 

CHI PSI-1841-Amherst, Bowdoin, California, Chicago, Cor- 
nell, Georgia, Hamilton, Lehigh, Michigan, Middlebury, Min- 
nesota, Rutgers, Stanford, Stevens, Union, Wesleyan, Williams, 
Wisconsin — 18. 

DELTA KAPPA EPSILON-1844-Alabama, Amherst, Bow- 
doin, Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Central, Chicago, Colby, 
Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Ham.ilton, Illi- 
nois, Kenyon, Lafayette, Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Miami, Michi- 
gan, Middlebury, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, Penn- 
sylvania, Rensselaer, Rochester, Rutgers, Stanford, Syracuse, 
Toronto, Trinity, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wesleyan, Wes- 
tern Reserve, Williams, Yale — 41. 

DELTA PHI-1827-Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Plop- 
kins, Lehigh, New York, Pennsylvania, Rensselaer, Rutgers, 
Sheffield, Union — 11. 

DELTA PSI-1847-Columbia, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mississippi^ 
Pennsylvania, Sheffield, Trinity, Virginia, Williams — 8. 



i68 Men's Fraternities. 

DELTA SIGMA PHI-1901-C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, 
New York, Mass. Inst. Tech. — 5. 

DELTA TAU DELTA-1859-Albion, Allegheny, Amour Inst. 
Tech., Baker, Brown, California, Chicago, Colorado, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, George Washington,, Hills- 
dale, Kenyon, Illinois, Indiana. Indianapolis, Iowa, Lafayette, Le- 
high, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minne sola Missouri, Mississ- 
ippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rensselaer, Stanford, Stevens, Texas 
Tulane, Tufts, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Wa- 
bash, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Wesleyan, 
Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin — 50. 

DELTA UPSILON-1834-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, Cali- 
fornia, Chicago, Colby, Colgate, Columbia, Cornell, Depauw, 
Hamilton, Harvard, Illinois, Lafayette, Lehigh, Marietta, Mass. 
Inst. Tech., McGill, Middlebury, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, 
New York, Northwestern, Ohio State, Pennsylvania, Rochester, 
Rutgers, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Toronto, Tufts, Union 
Western Reserve, Williams, Wisconsin — 37. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Northern)-i825-Cornell, Hobart, Lehigh, 
McGill, Toronto, Williams, Union — 7. 

KAPPA ALPHA (Southern)-i86s-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., 
Arkansas, Bethany, California, Central, Charleston, Davidson, 
Delaware, Drury, Emory, Florida, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Georgetown (Ky), George Washington, Hampden-Sydney, Johns 
Hopkins, Kentucky, Kentucky State, Kentucky Wesleyan, Louisi- 
ana, Mercer, Millsaps, Mississippi, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, 
North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Oklahoma, Randolph-Macon, 
Richmond, Southern, Southwestern, Stanford, Tennessee, Texas, 
Trinity (N. C), Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, 
Virginia, Washington, Washington and Lee, Westminster, West 
Virginia, William and Mary, William Jewell, Wofford — 49. 



Men's Fraternities. 169 

KAPPA SIGMA-1869 Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Arkansas, 
^aker, Bowdoin, Brown, Bucknell^ California, Case, Chicago, 
Colorado College, Col. Sch, Mines, Cornell, Cumberland, Dart- 
mouth, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
■George Washington, Hampden-Sydney, Harvard, Idaho, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky State, Lake Forest, Lehigh, Louisiana, 
Maine, Maryland, Mass. Ag. Col, Mercer, Michigan, Millsaps, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Nebraska, New York, New 
Hampshire, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, Ohio State, Okla- 
lioma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Ran- 
dolph-Macon, Richmond, Southwestern, Southwestern Baptist, 
"Southwestern Presbyterian, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Ten- 
nessee, Texas, Trinity (N. C), Tulane, Vanderbilt, Vermont, 
Virginia, University of the South, Wabash, Washington, Wash- 
ington State, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, 
William and Mary, William Jewell, Wisconsin, Wofford — 76. 

OMEGA PI ALPHA-1901-C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, 
Xehigh, Pennsylvania, Rutgers — 6. 

PHI DELTA THETA-1848-Alabama, Ala. Pol Inst., Al- 
legheny, Amherst, California, Case, Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
Colby, Colorado, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dick- 
"inson, Emory, Franklin, Georgie, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hanover, Illi- 
mois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa Wesleyan, Kansas, Kentucky State, 
Knox, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, McGill, Mercer, Miami, Mich- 
igan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, 
Northwestern, Ohio, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Randolph- 
Macon, South Dakota, Southwestern, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, 
Toronto, Tulane, Union, University of the South, Vandebilt, Ver- 
mont, Virginia, Wabash, Washington, Washington State, Wash- 
ington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, Westminster, Wil- 
Hiams, Wisconsin — 71. 



170 MEN'S Fraternities 

PHI GAMMA DELTA-1848-Alabama, Allegheny, Amherst,. 
Bethel, Brown, Bucknell, California, Chicago, Colgate, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Hanover, Illinois, Illinois 
Wesleyan, Indiana, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Knox, Lafayette, Le- 
high, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, . 
Nebraska, New York, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania,- 
Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, Richmond,. 
Stanford, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Trinity, Union, Virginia, 
Wabash, Washington State, Washington and Jefiferson, Wash- 
ington and Lee, Western Reserve, William Jewell, Wisconsin,. 
Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester, Yale — 55. 

PHI KAPPA PSI-1852-Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Brook- 
lyn Pol. Inst., Bucknell, California, Case, Chicago, Colgate Colum- 
bia, Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Dickinson, Franklin and Mar- 
shall, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Johns Hopkins, Kansas, Lafayette, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio 
State, Ohio Wesleyan, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pur- 
due, Stanford, Swarthmore, Syracuse, Texas, Vanderbilt, Virgin- 
ia, Wisconsin, Wittenberg — 43. 

PHI KAPPA SI GMA-1850- Alabama, Armour, California, 
Charleston, Columbia, Dickinson, Franklin and Marshall, Ga. 
Sch. Tech., Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Mass. Inst Tech., North- 
western, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State, Randolph-Macon, 
Richmond, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington and Jeffer- 
son, W^ashington and Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin-^24. 

PHI SIGMA KAPPA-1873-Brown, C. C. N. Y., Columbia,. 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Franklin and Marshall, George Washington,, 
Lehigh, Maryland, Mass. Agr. Col., Mass. Inst. Tech., Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania College, Queens, Stevens, St. John's, St.. 
Lav^rrence, Swarthmore, Union, Virginia, West Virginia, Wil 
Hams, Yale— 23. 

Pi KAPPA ALPHA-i868-Ala. Pol. Inst. Arkansas, Cen- 



Men's Fraternities 171 

tenary, Cumberland, Davidson, Florida, Ga. Sch. Tech., Hampden- 
Sydney, Kentucky, Kentucky State, Louisiana, Millsaps, North 
Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, Presbyterian, Richmond, 
Roanoke, Southwestern Presbyterian, Tennessee, Trinity (N. C), 
Tulane, University of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washing- 
ton and Lee, West Virginia, William and Mary, Wofford-— 29. 

PSI UPSlLON-1833-Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown, California, 
Chicago, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Hamilton, Kenyon, Le- 
high, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rochester, 
Syracuse, Trinity, Union, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, Yale — 22. 

SIGMA ALPHA EPSILON-1856-Adrian, Alabama, Ala. Pol. 
inst., Allegheny^ Arkansas, Bethel, Boston, Bucknell, California, 
CasCj Central, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, 
Columbia, Cornell, Cumberland, Davidson, Denver, Dickinson, 
Em-ory, Franklin, George Washington, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Harvard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
Kentucky State, Louisiana, Maine, Mass. Inst. Tech., Mercer, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mt. Union, Nebras- 
ka, North Carolina, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 
Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Southern, Southwestern Baptist, Southwestern Presbyterian, 
Stanford, St. Stephen's, Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Tulane, Uni- 
versity of the South, Vanderbilt, Virginia, Washington, Washing- 
ton State, Washington and Lee, Wisconsin, Wofford, Worcester 
-69. 

SIGMA CHI-1855-Albion, Arkansas, Beloit, Bucknell, But- 
ler, California, Chicago, Cincinnati, Colorado College, Columbia, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, Denison, DePauw, Dickinson, George Wash- 
ington, Hanover, Hobart, Illinois, Illinois Wesleyan, Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Maine, Mass. 
Inst. Tech., Miami, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, 
Montana, Nebraska, Northwestern, Ohio State, Ohio Wesleyan, 



172 Men's Fraternities 

Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania College, Pennsylvania State, Purdue, 
Southern California, Stanford, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vander- 
bilt, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington and 
Lee, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wooster — 56. 

SIGMA NU 1869-Alabama, Ala. Pol. Inst., Albion, Arkansas, 
Bethany, California, Case, Chicago, Colorado, Col. Sch. Mines, 
Cornell, Dartmouth, DePauw, Emory, Georgia, Ga. Sch. Tech., 
Howard, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Iowa State College, Kansas, 
Kentucky State, Lafayette, Lehigh, Lombard, Louisiana, Mercer, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mo. Sch. Mines, Montana, Mt. 
Union, North Carolina, N. C. A. & M. C, N. Ga. A. C, North- 
western, Ohio State, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Rose Pol. 
Inst., Stanford, Stevens, Syracuse, Texas, Tulane, Vanderbilt, 
Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington State, Washington 
and Lee, West Virginia, William Jewell, Wisconsin— 57. 

SIGMA PHI-1827-Cornell, Hamilton, Hobart, Lehigh, Michi- 
gan, Union, Vermont, Williams, Wisconsin — 9. 

SIGMA PHI EPSILON-iQOi-Colorado, Delaware, Ga. Sch. 
Tech., Illinois (Med. Col.), Jefferson Med. Col.. N. C. A. & M. 
C, Ohio Northern, Pennsylvania, Purdue, Randolph-Macon, Rich- 
mond, Syracuse, Virginia, Washington and Lee, Western, West 
Virginia, William and Mary — 17. 

THETA CHI-1856-Mass. Inst. Tech., Norwich— 2. 

THETA DELTA CHI-1848-Amherst, Boston, Bowdoin, 
Brown, California, C. C. N. Y., Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, 
George Washington, Hamilton, Harvard, Hobart, Lafayette, 
Mass. Inst. Tech., McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, Rochester, Stan- 
ford, Tufts, William and Mary, Williams, Wisconsin — 25. 

ZETA PSI-1847-Bowdoin, Brown, California, Case, Colby, 
Columbia, Cornell, Lafayette, McGill, Michigan, Minnesota, New 
York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rutgers, Stanford, Syra- 
cuse, Toronto, Tufts, Virginia, Williiams, Yale — 22. 



INDEX 

Page 

The Higher Education of Women i 

The Evolution of the Sorority System 9 

Distribution of Chapters 16 

Extension 18 

Standards 25 

Government 30 

Publications 31 

Alumnae Associations 35 

Chapter Houses 39 

Pan-Hellenism 39 

The Congress of Fraternities 41 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences 41 

The Mission of the Sorority 46 

Literary Sororities. Class A 64 

Alpha Chi Omega 64 

Alpha Delta Phi 65 

Alpha Gamma Delta 66 

Alpha Omicron Pi 67 

Alpha Phi 68 

Alpha Xi Delta 69 

Chi Omega 71 

Delta Delta Delta 72 

Delta Gamma 74 

Delta Sigma 75 

Gamma Phi Beta ']^ 

Kappa Alpha Theta jj 

Kappa Delta 78 

Kappa Kappa Gamma 80 

Pi Beta Phi 81 

Sigma Kappa 83 



Index (continued.) 



Sigma Sigma Sigma 


84 


Zeta Tau Alpha 


85 


Literary Sororities. Class B 


86 


Alpha Kappa Psi 


86 


Alpha Sigma Alpha 


87 


Beta Sigma Omicron 


88 


Gamma Beta Sigma 


89 


Phi Mu 


90 


Phi Mu Gamma 


91 


Musical Sororities 


92 


Mu Phi Epsilon 


93 


Sigma Alpha Iota 


94 


Medical Sororities 


95 


Alpha Epsilon Iota 


95 


Epsilon Tau 


96 


Zeta Phi 


97 


Necrology of Chapters 


98 


Honorary Societies Admitting Women 


lOI 


Phi Beta Kappa 


109 


Sigma Xi d4--— ^ 


III 


Phi Kappa Phi n0 4r ^0) 

Alpha Omega Alpha ^^ ^ ^ 3 ./ 


112 


113 


The Association of Collegiate Alumnae V^^--^ 


114 


Southern Association of College Women 


115 


Statistical Data 


116 


Coeducational Colleges 


116 


Independent Colleges for Women 


145 


Affiliated Colleges 


158 


C Barnard, Brown, Newcomb, Radcliffe, Western Reserve) 




Coordinate Colleges 


162 


CBucknell, Chicago, Colby, MiddleburyJ 




Men's Fraternities 


166 






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